David W. Grainger

Last updated
David W. Grainger
Born (1961-06-11) June 11, 1961 (age 60)
Boston, Massachusetts
Citizenship American
Education University of Utah, 1987 Ph.D., Pharmaceutical. [1] Dartmouth College, 1983 B.A., Engineering, Chemistry minor [1]
Lewis and Clark High School, 1979, Valedictorian [2]
Known forScientific contributions in biomedical micro- and nanotechnology, drug delivery systems, and medical device innovation [1]
Scientific career
Fields Biomedical Engineering
Institutions University of Utah Distinguished Professor, Chair, Biomedical Engineering
Website davidwgrainger.com
linkedin.com/in/david-grainger-utah

David William Grainger is a Distinguished Professor and Chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Distinguished Professor of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry at the University of Utah. His research focuses on biomaterials, drug delivery, and medical device innovation. [3]

Contents

Personal life

David William Grainger III was born in Boston, MA and grew up in Spokane, Washington. He graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1979 as valedictorian.

Education

Grainger graduated with a B.A. degree in Engineering and minor in Chemistry in 1983. [2] In 1987, Grainger completed his Ph.D. degree at the University of Utah in Pharmaceutical Chemistry in 1987 under National Academy member, Prof. Sung Wan Kim. [2] His dissertation work involved synthesis of heparinized block copolymers and analysis of their blood coagulation properties in vitro and in vivo. [4] He was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to work with Prof. Helmut Ringsdorf at the University of Mainz, Germany. [1] This work produced new strategies for organizing two-dimensional protein structures on planar lipid films. [5]

Career and research

Grainger's early research focused on the failure of medical implants in the human body and the problems associated with blood coagulation and infection. [6] Grainger began his academic career as an assistant professor at the Oregon Graduate Institute. [2] [7] He moved to become Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Colorado State University and was promoted to Full Professor there in 1999. [1] In 2006, Grainger was awarded the Inaugural George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Presidential Endowed Chair and Professor in the Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Health Sciences, at the University of Utah. [2] He chaired this Department from 2006-2016, then became department chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Utah, where he currently resides as a University Distinguished Professor. [6]

Grainger's research focuses mainly on biomaterials and drug delivery systems in biomedical engineering applications.

Drug delivery

Much of Grainger's current research is focused on two drug delivery device issues: Drug device integration, [8] and nanotoxicology; [9] however, his research portfolio is quite diverse.

His work in nanotoxicology (the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials) ranges from testing drug toxicity in vitro, [10] to investigation of infections caused by materials implanted in the body. [11] The issue of nanotoxicity in transportation of drug particles is also an area of his expertise. [12] Much of his work in this area focuses on finding the surface interactions at the drug-tissue, drug-material interface.

His research in drug device integration began with his work in pharmacology and nanomedicine. This moved into work in localized drug delivery devices to treat conditions like prophylaxis [13] and insights into infection caused by implanted materials. [14]

Additional research includes: Extensive work to characterize the functions and applications of growth factor-β, specifically its implications in conditions including Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis, [15] [16] [17] [18] diagnosis of coronary heart disease [19] and proliferation of human muscular tissue. [20]

Biomaterials

Some of Grainger's work with biomaterials is focused on surface modification, [21] patterning and analytical methods, [22] and ultrathin protein and polymer films. [23] [24] In a study of functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-based bioassays, he helped discover a new surface chemistry which inhibits nonspecific biomolecular interactions and provides the capacity for specific immobilization of desired biomolecules. [21]

In another study involving surface chemistry, Grainger investigated organic thiol and bi-sulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces. It was common practice for self-assembled monolayer (SAM) systems to use sulfur anchor groups and gold surfaces, while the gold-sulfur bonding mechanisms had not yet been explored. The findings from this experiment showed the importance of selecting a proper solvent for SAM systems on gold surfaces [25]

Related Research Articles

Biomedical engineering Application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology.

Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes. BME is also traditionally known as "bioengineering", but this term has come to also refer to biological engineering. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and problem-solving skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. Also included under the scope of a biomedical engineer is the management of current medical equipment in hospitals while adhering to relevant industry standards. This involves making equipment recommendations, procurement, routine testing, and preventive maintenance, a role also known as a Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) or as clinical engineering.

Implant (medicine) Device surgically placed within the body for medical purposes

An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implants are man-made devices, in contrast to a transplant, which is a transplanted biomedical tissue. The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone, or apatite depending on what is the most functional. In some cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-eluting stents.

Polyphosphazene

Polyphosphazenes include a wide range of hybrid inorganic-organic polymers with a number of different skeletal architectures with the backbone P-N-P-N-P-N-. In nearly all of these materials two organic side groups are attached to each phosphorus center. Linear polymers have the formula (N=PR1R2)n, where R1 and R2 are organic (see graphic). Other architectures are cyclolinear and cyclomatrix polymers in which small phosphazene rings are connected together by organic chain units. Other architectures are available, such as block copolymer, star, dendritic, or comb-type structures. More than 700 different polyphosphazenes are known, with different side groups (R) and different molecular architectures. Many of these polymers were first synthesized and studied in the research group of Harry R. Allcock.

Biomaterial Any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose

A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose, either a therapeutic or a diagnostic one. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.

Foreign body reaction Medical condition

A foreign body reaction (FBR) is a typical tissue response to a foreign body within biological tissue. It usually includes the formation of a foreign body granuloma. Tissue-encapsulation of an implant is an example, as is inflammation around a splinter. Foreign body granuloma formation consists of protein adsorption, macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis. It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.

Polyanhydrides are a class of biodegradable polymers characterized by anhydride bonds that connect repeat units of the polymer backbone chain. Their main application is in the medical device and pharmaceutical industry. In vivo, polyanhydrides degrade into non-toxic diacid monomers that can be metabolized and eliminated from the body. Owing to their safe degradation products, polyanhydrides are considered to be biocompatible.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) is a temperature-responsive polymer that was first synthesized in the 1950s. It can be synthesized from N-isopropylacrylamide which is commercially available. It is synthesized via free-radical polymerization and is readily functionalized making it useful in a variety of applications.

Temperature-responsive polymer

Temperature-responsive polymers or thermoresponsive polymers are polymers that exhibit a drastic and discontinuous change of their physical properties with temperature. The term is commonly used when the property concerned is solubility in a given solvent, but it may also be used when other properties are affected. Thermoresponsive polymers belong to the class of stimuli-responsive materials, in contrast to temperature-sensitive materials, which change their properties continuously with environmental conditions. In a stricter sense, thermoresponsive polymers display a miscibility gap in their temperature-composition diagram. Depending on whether the miscibility gap is found at high or low temperatures, an upper or lower critical solution temperature exists, respectively.

Many opportunities exist for the application of synthetic biodegradable polymers in the biomedical area particularly in the fields of tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. Degradation is important in biomedicine for many reasons. Degradation of the polymeric implant means surgical intervention may not be required in order to remove the implant at the end of its functional life, eliminating the need for a second surgery. In tissue engineering, biodegradable polymers can be designed such to approximate tissues, providing a polymer scaffold that can withstand mechanical stresses, provide a suitable surface for cell attachment and growth, and degrade at a rate that allows the load to be transferred to the new tissue. In the field of controlled drug delivery, biodegradable polymers offer tremendous potential either as a drug delivery system alone or in conjunction to functioning as a medical device.

Nicholas A. Peppas

Nicholas (Nikolaos) A. Peppas is a chemical and biomedical engineer whose leadership in biomaterials science and engineering, drug delivery, bionanotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, chemical and polymer engineering has provided seminal foundations based on the physics and mathematical theories of nanoscale, macromolecular processes and drug/protein transport and has led to numerous biomedical products or devices.

Polymers with the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses are classified as antimicrobial agents. This class of polymers consists of natural polymers with inherent antimicrobial activity and polymers modified to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Polymers are generally nonvolatile, chemically stable, and can be chemically and physically modified to display desired characteristics and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial polymers are a prime candidate for use in the food industry to prevent bacterial contamination and in water sanitation to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in drinking water.

Jindřich Kopeček American chemist (born 1940)

Jindřich Henry Kopeček was born in Strakonice, Czech Republic, as the son of Jan and Herta Zita (Krombholz) Kopeček. He is distinguished professor of pharmaceutical chemistry and distinguished professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. Kopeček is also an honorary professor at Sichuan University in Chengdu, China. His research focuses on biorecognition of macromolecules, bioconjugate chemistry, drug delivery systems, self-assembled biomaterials, and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics.

Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins

Biomaterials are materials that are used in contact with biological systems. Biocompatibility and applicability of surface modification with current uses of metallic, polymeric and ceramic biomaterials allow alteration of properties to enhance performance in a biological environment while retaining bulk properties of the desired device.

Micro-compounding refers to the mixing or processing of polymer formulations in the melt on a very small scale, typically several ml. The advantage of the use of a micro-compounder for R&D are significant: it gives faster, yet reliable results with much smaller samples and at much less investment costs, thus speeding up the innovation process in R&D of polymer materials, pharmaceutical, biomedical and nutritional applications.

Bovine submaxillary mucin coatings

Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) coatings are a surface treatment provided to biomaterials intended to reduce the growth of disadvantageous bacteria and fungi such as S. epidermidis, E. coli, and Candida albicans. BSM is a substance extracted from the fresh salivary glands of cows. It exhibits unique physical properties, such as high molecular weight and amphiphilicity, that allow it to be used for many biomedical applications.

Amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides, also called Leuchs' anhydrides, are a family of heterocyclic organic compounds derived from amino acids. They are white, moisture-reactive solids. They have been evaluated for applications the field of biomaterials.

Polyorthoesters are polymers with the general structure –[–R–O–C(R1, OR2)–O–R3–]n– whereas the residue R2 can also be part of a heterocyclic ring with the residue R. Polyorthoesters are formed by transesterification of orthoesters with diols or by polyaddition between a diol and a diketene acetal, such as 3,9-diethylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane.

2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline Chemical compound

2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) is an oxazoline which is used particularly as a monomer for the cationic ring-opening polymerization to poly(2-alkyloxazoline)s. This type of polymers are under investigation as readily water-soluble and biocompatible materials for biomedical applications.

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems are engineered technologies that use nanoparticles for the targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents. The modern form of a drug delivery system should minimize side-effects and reduce both dosage and dosage frequency. Recently, nanoparticles have aroused attention due to their potential application for effective drug delivery. Nanoparticle technologies have emerged as promising strategies to achieve therapeutic delivery and imaging to aid in the treatment of diseases that afflict difficult to access tissues and organs, such as cardiovascular/heart diseases and kidney diseases.

Hamid Ghandehari is an Iranian-American drug delivery research scientist, and a professor in the Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Utah. His research is focused in recombinant polymers for drug and gene delivery, nanotoxicology of dendritic and inorganic constructs, water-soluble polymers for targeted delivery and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers for oral delivery.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Grainger, David. "Faculty Profiles". University of Utah.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Grainger, David. "Profile". LinkedIn. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ Grainger, David. "Personal Profile". University of Utah Biomedical Engineering.
  4. ↑ Grainger, David; Knutson, K; Kim, S; Feijen, J (1990). "Poly (dimethylsiloxane)-poly (ethylene oxide)-heparin block copolymers II: Surface characterization and in vitro assessments". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 24 (4): 403–31. doi:10.1002/jbm.820240402. PMID   2347871.
  5. ↑ Maloney, K; Grainger, D (1993). "Phase separated anionic domains in ternary mixed lipid monolayers at the air-water interface". Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 65 (1): 31–42. doi:10.1016/0009-3084(93)90079-I. PMID   8348675.
  6. 1 2 "Newsletter" (PDF). University of Utah College of Engineering.
  7. ↑ Yu, H; Grainger, D (1994). "Amphiphilic Thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide Terpolymer Hydrogels Prepared by Micellar Polymerization in Aqueous Media". Macromolecules. 27 (16): 4554–4560. Bibcode:1994MaMol..27.4554Y. doi:10.1021/ma00094a019.
  8. ↑ 8. H.J. Busscher, V. Alt, H.C. van der Mei, P.H., Fagette, W. Zimmerli, T.F. Moriarty, J. Parvizi, G. Schmidmaier, M.J. Raschke, T. Gehrke, R. Bayston, L.M. Baddour, L.C. Winterton, R.O. Darouiche, D.W. Grainger, "A Trans-Atlantic Perspective on Stagnation in Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Strategies for the Control of Biomaterial-Implant Associated Infection", ACS Biomaterials Sci Eng, vol. 5, pp. 402−406, (2019)
  9. ↑ 9. D.W. Grainger, Theme Editor, "Nanotoxicity in Drug Delivery", Adv. Drug Del. Rev., vol. 61, no. 6, (2009).
  10. ↑ Jones, C. F., & Grainger, D. W. In vitro assessments of nanomaterial toxicity. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 61, no. 6, pp. 438-456, (2009).
  11. ↑ Busscher, H. J., Mei, H. C., Subbiahdoss, G., Jutte, P. C., J. J. A. M. Van Den Dungen, Zaat, S. A., . . . Grainger, D. W. Biomaterial-Associated Infection: Locating the Finish Line in the Race for the Surface. Science Translational Medicine, vol. 4, no. 153, (2012).
  12. ↑ D.W. Grainger, Theme Editor, "Nanotoxicity in Drug Delivery", Adv. Drug Del. Rev., vol. 61, no. 6, (2009).
  13. ↑ Wu, P., & Grainger, D. W. Drug/device combinations for local drug therapies and infection prophylaxis. Biomaterials, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 2450-2467, (2006)
  14. ↑ H.J. Busscher, V. Alt, H.C. van der Mei, P.H., Fagette, W. Zimmerli, T.F. Moriarty, J. Parvizi, G. Schmidmaier, M.J. Raschke, T. Gehrke, R. Bayston, L.M. Baddour, L.C. Winterton, R.O. Darouiche, D.W. Grainger, "A Trans-Atlantic Perspective on Stagnation in Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Strategies for the Control of Biomaterial-Implant Associated Infection", ACS Biomaterials Sci Eng, vol. 5, pp. 402−406, (2019)
  15. ↑ Grainger, D. Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1. Human Molecular Genetics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 93-97, (1999)
  16. ↑ Grainger, D. J., Kemp, P. R., Liu, A. C., Lawn, R. M., & Metcalfe, J. C. C. Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1. Nature, vol. 370, no. 6489, pp. 460-462, (1994)
  17. ↑ Grainger, D. J., Kemp, P. R., Metcalfe, J. C., Liu, A. C., Lawn, R. M., Williams, N. R., . . . Chauhan, A. The serum concentration of active transforming growth factor-β is severely depressed in advanced atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 74-79, (1995)
  18. ↑ Grainger, D. J. Transforming Growth Factor β and Atherosclerosis: So Far, So Good for the Protective Cytokine Hypothesis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 399-404, (2004).
  19. ↑ 10. Brindle, J. T., Antti, H., Holmes, E., Tranter, G., Nicholson, J. K., Bethell, H. W., . . . Grainger, D. J. Rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of the presence and severity of coronary heart disease using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. Nature Medicine, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1439-1445, (2002).
  20. ↑ Grainger, D., Kirschenlohr, H., Metcalfe, J., Weissberg, P., Wade, D., & Lawn, R. Proliferation of human smooth muscle cells promoted by lipoprotein(a). Science, vol. 260, no. 5114, pp. 1655-1658, (1993)
  21. 1 2 Harbers, Gregory M., et al. "Functionalized Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Based Bioassay Surface Chemistry That Facilitates Bio-Immobilization and Inhibits Nonspecific Protein, Bacterial, and Mammalian Cell Adhesion." Chemistry of Materials, vol. 19, no. 18, pp. 4405–4414 (2007).
  22. ↑ H. Takahashi, M. Dubey, K. Emoto, D.G. Castner, D.W. Grainger, "Imaging surface immobilization chemistry: correlation with cell patterning on non-adhesive hydrogel thin films", Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 18, pp. 2079-2088. doi: 10.1002/adfm.200800105; PMCID: PMC2917816 NIHMSID: NIHMS187260. (2008).
  23. ↑ F. Sun and D.W. Grainger, "Ultrathin Self-Assembled Polymeric Films on Solid Surfaces. I. Synthesis and Characterization of Acrylate Copolymers Containing Alkyl Disulfide Side Chains", J. Polym. Sci. A, Polym. Chem, vol. 31, pp. 1729-1740 (1993)
  24. ↑ D.W. Grainger, "Synthetic Polymer Ultrathin Films for Modifying Surface Properties", Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci, vol. 103, pp. 243-250 (1997).
  25. ↑ Castner, David G. G, et al. "X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Sulfur 2p Study of Organic Thiol and Bisulfide Binding Interactions with Gold Surfaces." Langmuir, vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 5083–5086 (1996).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.