Death of Brian Rossiter

Last updated

Brian Rossiter
Brian Rossiter.jpg
Died14 September 2002 (aged 14)
Cork, Ireland
Cause of deathblunt force trauma to the head; open verdict
Body discovered Clonmel garda station

The death of Brian Rossiter occurred at Cork University Hospital in Cork, Ireland, on 14 September 2002, as a result of head injuries he had sustained several days earlier. Fourteen-year-old Brian Rossiter had been arrested for a public order offence on the night of 10/11 September 2002, falling into a coma whilst in custody at Clonmel garda station. Prior to his arrest, Rossiter had been assaulted by Noel Hannigan, who was later found guilty of this offence and sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment. However, the case was the focus of much controversy and media speculation within Ireland, owing to concerns as to whether the injuries that caused Rossiter's death occurred, not as a result of Hannigan's assault, but while he was in custody.

Contents

Rossiter's father took High Court action against the gardaí and called for CCTV cameras to be installed in all garda stations around Ireland, in every area of the station. An inquest into the death returned an open verdict and led to damages being paid to the boy's family.

Background

Brian Rossiter was the fourth of seven children born to Pat and Siobhán Rossiter. Brian moved to Wexford on 31 August 2002 with his mother and three younger siblings after the separation of his parents. On 6 September 2002, he returned to Clonmel with his mother for the weekend, staying with his older sister Sharon (who was then aged 23). Due to return to Wexford on 8 September, he missed the bus and at around 12:30 am in the early morning of 9 September, was assaulted by Noel Hannigan near his sister's house on Cashel Street. Hannigan later admitted that he had headbutted Brian "four or five times" but denied punching him or kneeing him in the face. [1] Rossiter sustained two black eyes and complained of a headache later that day and again on 10 September. On 10 September at approximately 9:30 in the evening, Rossiter, having allegedly drunk some cider and smoked some hash, was arrested along with his 14-year-old friend, Anthony O'Sullivan, for a public order offence. Another 14-year-old, Daniel Leahy, a friend of theirs, was arrested for criminal damage at the same time. [2] Both O'Sullivan and Leahy alleged that they were assaulted by arresting gardaí officers. O'Sullivan claimed that Rossiter had told him he had also been assaulted by the gardaí. The Gardaí stated that whilst Brian gave abuse following his arrest, he then calmed down and fell asleep in his cell. They further stated that when they attempted to rouse him from his sleep at 09:30 the following morning, they could not wake him. Local doctors were called and Brian Rossiter was subsequently taken to St Joseph's Hospital in Clonmel before being transferred to Cork University Hospital. A garda investigation into the cause of his injuries was soon "at an advanced stage". [3] Meanwhile, in Cork, consultant neurosurgeon Charles Marks extracted a clot from Brian Rossiter's brain, but he did not regain consciousness and was pronounced dead shortly after 5:30 on the afternoon of 13 September 2002. [4] [5] His funeral took place on 17 September 2002. [6] [7] [8]

High Court proceedings

The Rossiters took High Court action at the Four Courts, Dublin. Dublin four courts.JPG
The Rossiters took High Court action at the Four Courts, Dublin.

Brian Rossiter's father took High Court proceedings against the gardaí, alleging their wrongful arrest of his son. He later threatened to do so for a second time in July 2005. [9] A settlement was eventually reached in July 2008 which meant that an inquest into his son's death could hear evidence from two UK-based Professors of Forensic Pathology whom the Coroner had previously refused to call as witnesses. [10] In addition, further civil action against the State was taken by the Rossiters in December 2008, after they were informed that internal Garda disciplinary proceedings were "none of their business". [11]

Hannigan sentencing

In November 2006, Noel Hannigan was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment for assaulting Brian Rossiter. [12] He had also been charged with manslaughter and assault causing serious harm, but these charges were later withdrawn, [13] when a second inquiry, in addition to the statutory inquiry already announced, was launched in July 2005 to look into the reasons for charging Hannigan with manslaughter. [14]

Inquiry

On 30 June 2005, a statutory inquiry was announced by the then Irish Minister for Justice Michael McDowell into Brian Rossiter's death, [15] [16] with the Minister apologising to the family for the way the case had been handled so far. [17] The inquiry, led by Senior Counsel Hugh Hartnett [18] was criticised by Rossiter's family for its limited scope. [19] Pat Rossiter expressed his lack of confidence that the inquiry would be permitted to ask if his son had been killed at the garda station, and if so, who was responsible. [20] The family threatened not to participate. [21] There was a disagreement over legal fees. [22] [23] McDowell, though, insisted that the inquiry would have full powers. [24]

On 5 December 2005, the statutory inquiry into the death of Brian Rossiter opened in Dublin. It was expected to last for three months and to hear from 120 witnesses in private session. [25] The Rossiter family's solicitor, Cian O'Carroll of Lynch and Partners, spoke of his belief that the terms of reference would still not allow the inquiry to get at the key issue, which he said was whether Rossiter had died from injuries inflicted inside the garda station or not, and, if he had sustained these injuries inside the garda station, then who had caused them. Pat Rossiter spoke of feeling "a bit anxious and a bit apprehensive" at the start of the inquiry but he also "hoped for the best". [26] The Irish government had agreed to pay the family's out-of-pocket expenses, and for some of the preparatory work involved in the case. [27]

The inquiry found no evidence that Rossiter had been assaulted inside the garda station, but found that he had been unlawfully detained by the gardaí. [28] [29] It sat for 80 days between December 2005 and September 2006, heard from 100 witnesses, including seven of Clonmel's gardaí, and reported in April 2008. [30] In February 2008, Rossiter's family had criticised the Minister for Justice Michael McDowell, believing that he had set up the inquiry under the wrong Act. [31] With the inquiry completed, however, an inquest into Brian Rossiter's death could now be held, as soon as a private action taken by the Rossiter family against Cork City Coroner, to allow evidence from two UK-based Professors of Forensic Pathology to be admissible, was settled. [32]

Inquest

Preliminary hearing

On 29 May 2007, a preliminary hearing took submissions from the Rossiter family and the State heard from the Cork City Coroner that she had questioned the time it was taking for the report into the circumstances surrounding Brian Rossiter's death to be published. Doctor Myra Cullinane told the hearing that she had twice written to the Hartnett Inquiry but had received no reply. [33]

Inadequacies and contradictions

Brian Rossiter died from epidural hematoma to his skull. Above is an instance of nontraumatic epidural hematoma in a young woman. The grey area in the top left is organising hematoma, causing midline shift and compression of the ventricle. Epidural hematoma.png
Brian Rossiter died from epidural hematoma to his skull. Above is an instance of nontraumatic epidural hematoma in a young woman. The grey area in the top left is organising hematoma, causing midline shift and compression of the ventricle.

The inquest proper began early in December 2008. Mary Furlong, a friend of Brian Rossiter's mother, told the inquest how she had witnessed a red mark the size of a two euro coin on the boy's left cheek when she visited him in hospital, claiming that such a mark had not been there earlier that week. [34] Witness Anne Marie Hannigan claimed that all of her statement had not been read out in court, a statement which she alleged was to have contradicted that of Garda Pádraig Jennings and Garda Pádraig Frawley. [35] [36] She told the inquest that the gardaí had used force when they were arresting Rossiter and his friend, Anthony O'Sullivan, denying that she was making this up for her own satisfaction. [37] A GP described her shock and despair upon her discovery of Rossiter's comatose body. [38] Brian Rossiter's father told the inquest that a detective garda had informed him that his son had taken as many as sixteen ecstasy tablets, was "drunk out of his mind" and "as high as a kite", [39] and yet later toxicology reports showed no evidence of this. [40]

Three medical experts gave conflicting evidence into the nature of Brian Rossiter's injuries. Neurosurgeon Charles Marks, the consultant who operated on Brian when he was admitted to Cork University Hospital, said he believed "on the balance of probability" that Rossiter sustained the fatal injury 56 hours before his admission to hospital – a time corresponding to the Hannigan assault. Ireland's State Pathologist, Doctor Marie Cassidy told the inquest that she was unable to pinpoint the precise time at which Rossiter sustained his death injury – she said people were "getting caught up in trying to be specific, to date things that were impossible to date." Professor Christopher Milroy, a British Home office pathologist for 17 years and a reviewer of Rossiter's file, said it was more likely that he had sustained the injury which killed him subsequent to the Hanning assault, and closer to the time that he was found unconscious in his Clonmel prison cell. [41]

On the day before the jury retired, a forensic pathologist said that it was impossible for him to determine whether the fatal strike had been inflicted late on the evening of 8 September, around the time that Hannigan's assault had taken place, or at a later date. [42]

Verdict

On 12 December 2008, a jury retired after hearing evidence for eight days [43] [44] and returned an open verdict, [45] after finding in accordance with medical evidence supplied that the boy died from an extradural haemorrhage due to blunt force trauma to the head. [46] The jury felt that it was not possible to make a definitive statement concerning how Brian Rossiter had died – the Coroner had given them the option of delivering an open verdict or a narrative verdict, and had ruled out the option of a verdict of unlawful killing. [47]

Settlement

On 19 December 2008, [48] a settlement of €200,000 plus legal costs and a written expression of regret, acknowledging wrongdoing on the part of the gardaí, was reached in the civil lawsuit taken by Rossiter's family against the Garda Commissioner, the Irish Minister for Justice and the Irish State. [49] Mister Justice Richard Johnson approved the settlement. [50] The Irish State acknowledged its acceptance that Rossiter's detention was unlawful, that the Treatment of Persons in Custody Act was not followed appropriately and that issues surrounding his death were not sufficiently investigated. [51] The jury also made two recommendations relating to the treatment of persons in garda custody. [52] These were that medical attention should be called to any garda station for any person, and especially those under the age of 17, if there were obvious signs of any injury or weakness, and that social services should be made available to gardaí at all times. [53]

Reaction

Rossiter's parents described their six-year battle for justice as "gruelling" [54] but expressed the wish that their son's death had not been in vain and welcomed the recommendations made by the jury regarding improvements in health and safety, in cases where young people are detained. Rossiter's father said he would have gone further:

"I would have gone further. I think there should be cameras in all areas of the Garda stations around the country – in corridors, entries, as well as exits. I think it's very important that CCTV should be in all areas of every Garda station." [55]

Awards

Investigative journalist Philip Boucher-Hayes received a Media Justice Award in 2005 for his coverage of this case. [56]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garda Síochána</span> Police and security service of the Republic of Ireland

The Garda Síochána is the national police and security service of Ireland. It is more commonly referred to as the Gardaí or "the Guards". The service is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are in Dublin's Phoenix Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stardust fire</span> Nightclub fire in Artane, Dublin

The Stardust fire was a fatal fire which took place at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland, in the early hours of 14 February 1981. More than 800 people were attending a disco there, of whom 48 died and 214 were injured as a result of the fire; in later years suicides of survivors and family members were also linked to the event.

John Carthy was a 27-year-old Irish citizen with known psychiatric illnesses who was shot dead by the Garda Emergency Response Unit in controversial circumstances on 20 April 2000, after a twenty-five-hour siege at his home in Toneymore, Abbeylara, County Longford.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shell to Sea</span> Activist organisation in County Mayo, Ireland

Shell to Sea is an Irish organisation based in the parish of Kilcommon in Erris, County Mayo.

The Kerry babies case was a 1984 investigation by the Garda Síochána in County Kerry, Ireland, into the killing of one newborn baby and the alleged killing of another, and the subject of a 3-part 2023 (UK) Channel 4 documentary “Murder: The Baby On The Beach.” The mother who concealed the second baby, Joanne Hayes, was arrested and charged with the murder of the first baby, of which she was erroneously thought to be the mother. The Gardaí were forced to drop the charges four years later and a tribunal of inquiry was launched. Its report was critical of the Garda conduct of the investigations, and it also concluded that Hayes had precipitated the death of her baby. Hayes has disputed this finding, and no charges were pressed. The parents and killer of the first baby have never been publicly identified, though arrests of a man and woman were made in 2023. In 2020, the Irish State formally apologised after 36 years to Joanne Hayes for wrongly accusing her of the murder and for the "appalling hurt and distress caused".

On 14 October 2004, Pádraig Nally, an Irish farmer living in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland shot dead Irish Traveller John "Frog" Ward, who had been trespassing on his property. In November 2005 Nally was sentenced to six years' imprisonment for manslaughter. His conviction was quashed in October 2006 and, after a retrial in December 2006, he was found not guilty of manslaughter.

Terence Wheelock, a 20-year-old Dublin native from Summerhill in the city's north inner district, died on 16 September 2005 under circumstances that sparked significant controversy and public discourse. Wheelock's death occurred following his arrest alongside three others on suspicion of car theft, a charge from which he was subsequently exonerated. After being detained at Store Street Garda Station, he was discovered unconscious in his cell just two hours later. The complexities surrounding his custody and subsequent death led to an inquest, culminating on 13 May 2007, when a coroner's jury concluded that his death resulted from suicide. The events leading to and following Wheelock's untimely demise have continued to raise questions about the treatment of detainees and the protocols followed by law enforcement, highlighting a critical moment of scrutiny and calls for reform within the Irish justice system.

The Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (GSOC) is an independent statutory body in Ireland charged with overseeing the Garda Síochána, the national police force. It is a three-member body established under the Garda Síochána Act 2005 to deal with complaints from members of the public about the conduct of Gardaí.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brian Cowen nude portraits controversy</span>

Two oil paintings depicting the then-Taoiseach Brian Cowen in the nude were briefly displayed in Dublin art galleries in March 2009. The response of the media, politicians and the Garda Síochána led to a sustained controversy referred to by some as Portraitgate.

Father Niall Molloy was a Catholic priest who was killed in mysterious circumstances in Kilcoursey House in Clara, County Offaly, the home of Richard and Therese Flynn. When the Garda Síochána arrived, they found that there were signs of violence in Flynn's bedroom and that there was a large bloodstain on the carpet. The priest died the day after the wedding of the Flynns' daughter Maureen. Richard Flynn was charged with manslaughter and with actual bodily harm, but Judge Frank Roe at his trial, a family friend, directed the jury to give a not guilty verdict. In 2011, a medical examination of brain tissue kept after the original post-mortem revealed that there was a high probability that the priest was alive up to six hours after the initial attack and therefore might have lived if medical help had been summoned. Molloy was parish priest of Castlecoote, County Roscommon at the time of his death.

On 11 July 2010, eight people were killed when a black Volkswagen Passat collided with a red Toyota Corolla on the Buncrana to Clonmany section of the R238 road in County Donegal, Ireland. It was the deadliest road accident in the country since records began in 1961. The road at Glasmullen was not previously thought of as an accident blackspot. Seven of those who died watched the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final shortly before their deaths, while the eighth was returning home after playing bingo. The crash and the funerals, which took place over a three-day period, attracted both national and international attention. By comparison, the number of other people to die on the nation's roads that weekend was two.

Sophie Toscan du Plantier, a 39-year-old French woman, was killed outside her holiday home near Toormore, Goleen, County Cork, Ireland, on the night of 23 December 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Adrian Donohoe</span> Irish police officer murdered during an armed robbery in 2013

Adrian Donohoe was an Irish detective in the Garda Síochána based at Dundalk Garda Station in County Louth, who was fatally shot in Bellurgan on 25 January 2013 during a robbery by an armed gang of five people on a credit union. He was the first garda officer to be murdered in the line of duty since 1996, and was afforded a full state funeral.

The Garda Whistleblower Scandal involved the revelation of corruption and malpractice within Ireland's national police force, the Garda Síochána, and the subsequent mishandling of the complaints that had been made by serving members of the force.

The Hutch–Kinahan feud is a major ongoing feud between two criminal organisations in Ireland that has resulted in the deaths of eighteen people, the majority of which have been perpetrated by the Kinahan family. The Hutch gang, led by Gerry Hutch, and the Kinahan Family, led by Daniel Kinahan, are the main participants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Murder of Colm Horkan</span> Shooting in Castlerea, County Roscommon, Ireland on 17 June 2020

Detective Garda Colm Horkan was a detective in the Garda Síochána, the national police service of Ireland, who was shot dead by a 43-year-old man in Castlerea, County Roscommon, Ireland on 17 June 2020, while on an anti-crime patrol.

On 30 December 2020, the Garda Armed Support Unit shot 27-year-old George Nkencho in Clonee on the Dublin–Meath border, after graduated attempts to detain him failed. He had allegedly assaulted a shop staff member and threatened others with a knife. Nkencho had been suffering from mental health issues in the preceding months and according to Gardaí, he did not have any criminal convictions.

Events during the year 2021 in Ireland. As in most of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has dominated events in Ireland during this year.

Events during the year 2022 in Ireland.

References

  1. ↑ "Ordeal took 'massive chunk from our lives'". The Irish Times . 13 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  2. ↑ "Rossiter told friend of garda 'beating'". RTÉ. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  3. ↑ "Teen seriously injured in Clonmel assault". RTÉ. 12 September 2002. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  4. ↑ "Clonmel boy dies after alleged assault". The Irish Times . 13 September 2002. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  5. ↑ "Clonmel teenager dies after alleged assault". RTÉ. 13 September 2002. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  6. ↑ "Funeral of Tipperary boy tomorrow". RTÉ. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  7. ↑ "Funeral today for boy who died in Garda station". The Irish Times . 17 September 2002. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  8. ↑ "Funeral of youth dead after alleged assault". RTÉ. 17 September 2002. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  9. ↑ "Father of Brian Rossiter may sue Gardaí again". The Irish Times . 16 May 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  10. ↑ "Rossiter family settles High Court action". RTÉ. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  11. ↑ "Teenager's family brings civil action against State, claims wrongful killing". Irish Independent . 14 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  12. ↑ "Man jailed for 2002 assault on Brian Rossiter". The Irish Times . 6 November 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  13. ↑ "Some charges dropped in Rossiter case". RTÉ. 26 July 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  14. ↑ "Second inquiry launched into teenager's death". RTÉ. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  15. ↑ "McDowell announces inquiry into Rossiter death". The Irish Times . 30 June 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  16. ↑ "Rossiter family seeking answers over son's death". The Irish Times . 30 June 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  17. ↑ "Inquiry announced into 14-year-old's death". RTÉ. 30 June 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  18. ↑ "DPP begins inquiry into Rossiter charges". The Irish Times . 14 July 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  19. ↑ "Rossiter family unhappy with planned inquiry". RTÉ. 18 September 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  20. ↑ "Rossiters undecided on inquiry participation". RTÉ. 21 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  21. ↑ "Rossiter family angry at limited scope of planned inquiry". The Irish Times . 18 September 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  22. ↑ "Rossiter family to boycott inquiry over legal fees". The Irish Times . 18 October 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  23. ↑ "Rossiters unhappy at inquiry terms". RTÉ. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  24. ↑ "Inquiry into Rossiter's death to have full powers – McDowell". The Irish Times . 2 July 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  25. ↑ "Parents seek damages for death of Brian Rossiter". Irish Independent . 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  26. ↑ "Inquiry opens into Rossiter's death". RTÉ. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  27. ↑ "Rossiters likely to co-operate, says solicitor". RTÉ. 25 October 2005. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  28. ↑ "Report finds Rossiter unlawfully detained". The Irish Times . 11 April 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  29. ↑ "No evidence of assault on Rossiter". RTÉ. 11 April 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  30. ↑ "Gardai won't face death charge". Irish Independent . 30 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  31. ↑ "Rossiters criticise McDowell as full report into son's death not published". The Irish Times . 26 February 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  32. ↑ "Inquest into teen's death delayed". Irish Independent . 27 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  33. ↑ "Cork coroner seeks Hartnett report". RTÉ. 29 May 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  34. ↑ "Rossiter inquest hears evidence". RTÉ. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  35. ↑ "Witness disputes line in deposition at Rossiter inquest". Irish Independent . 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  36. ↑ "Witness disputes line in deposition at Rossiter inquest". Carlow People. 3 December 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  37. ↑ "Force used in Rossiter arrest: witness". RTÉ. 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  38. ↑ "Gardaí rough on Rossiter, says witness". RTÉ. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  39. ↑ "Dead schoolboy's family to take action against State". Irish Independent . 13 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  40. ↑ "Father gives evidence at Rossiter inquest". RTÉ. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  41. ↑ "Experts differ about Rossiter death". RTÉ. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  42. ↑ "Rossiter inquest enters its final day". Irish Independent . 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  43. ↑ "Rossiter inquest jury considers verdict". Corkman. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  44. ↑ "Rossiter inquest jury considers verdict". Irish Independent . 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  45. ↑ "Open verdict on teenager found in coma in garda station". The Irish Emigrant . 14 December 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
  46. ↑ "Open verdict given at Rossiter inquest". The Irish Times . 13 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  47. ↑ "Jury returns open verdict in Rossiter inquest". RTÉ. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  48. ↑ "Parents seek damages for death of Brian Rossiter". The Kerryman. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  49. ↑ "Rossiter family reach settlement over death of son". The Irish Times . 19 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  50. ↑ "State agrees €200,000 pay-out over Brian Rossiter death". Irish Independent . 19 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  51. ↑ "State settles case with Rossiters". RTÉ. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  52. ↑ "Rossiter family reach settlement over death of son". The Boston Globe . 19 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  53. ↑ "Rossiter inquest jury returns open verdict". Irish Independent . 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  54. ↑ "Brian's family settle claim against State for ¤200,000". Wexford People. 24 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  55. ↑ "Parents hope their son's death will not be in vain". The Irish Times . 13 December 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  56. ↑ "Philip Boucher-Hayes". RTÉ. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.