Deep Adaptation

Last updated

Deep Adaptation is a concept, agenda, and international social movement. It presumes that extreme weather events and other effects of climate change will increasingly disrupt food, water, shelter, power, and social and governmental systems. These disruptions would likely or inevitably cause uneven societal collapse in the next few decades. The word “deep” indicates that strong measures are required to adapt to an unraveling of industrial lifestyles, following prior usages such as deep ecology. The agenda includes values of nonviolence, compassion, curiosity and respect, with a framework for constructive action.

Contents

Origin

The concept of Deep Adaptation was introduced in the 2018 paper "Deep Adaptation: A Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy" by University of Cumbria sustainability leadership professor Jem Bendell.  The paper was submitted to the Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, but reviewers requested major revisions. Bendell then chose to self-publish through the Institute for Leadership and Sustainability at the University of Cumbria. [1] [2] In the paper, Bendell stated that near term social collapse due to climate disruption was inevitable. He has since offered that as opinion, rather than fact, in a second version of the paper in 2020. [3] [4] The original paper was addressed to the corporate and academic sustainability community but found a large general readership, being downloaded more than 600,000 times as of November 2019. [1] The paper has been translated into a number of languages. [5]

Content of original paper

Jem Bendell, 2019 Jem Bendell Keynote Address.png
Jem Bendell, 2019

In the 2018 paper, Bendell asserted that “near term social collapse” (which he later called societal collapse [4] ) due to climate change is inevitable. [3] He challenged the practice of business as usual in government, industry, and academia, announcing “the end of the idea that we can either solve or cope with climate change.” [2] He reviewed scientific research on climate change, stating that he emphasized recent unpublished results and factors such as tipping points. [6] [7] In his view, these rendered published predictions of climate damage overly conservative.  

Bendell then proposed the types of denial that prevent people from facing the likelihood of collapse. [8] He shared his experience of coming to terms emotionally and existentially with the idea of collapse in his lifetime. The tone of the paper was personal, [1] and has been described as autoethnographic. [9] With dark humor, he noted that his conclusions make his academic field of specialization, sustainability, unviable. [7] [10] Finally, he challenged academics and policymakers to shift to a 'Deep Adaptation Agenda' of responses to climate change. He offered a framework for that agenda, characterized by three approaches: resilience, “what are the valued norms and behaviours that human societies will wish to maintain as they seek to survive?”; relinquishment, “letting go of certain assets, behaviors and beliefs, where retaining them could make matters worse”; and restoration, “rediscovering attitudes and approaches to life and organization that our hydrocarbon-fuelled civilization eroded.” [2] [11]

Reception and responses

Several scientists noted that Bendell’s conclusion of the inevitability of near term social collapse due to climate disruption was neither proven nor widely accepted. [1] [5] [12]  Climatologist Michael Mann was scathing in his assessments of Bendell’s scientific conclusions, and Gavin Schmidt, head of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, asserted that previous climate trends of gradual change would continue. [1] Scientists and environmental writers differed on their assessments of the likelihood of collapse. For instance, lead author of the 2019 UN global disaster risk assessment, Scott Williams, said that Bendell was closer to the mark than his detractors, as the UN report was "close to stating that ‘collapse is inevitable." [1] Responding to Nicholas, Hall and Schmidt, [12] biologist Pablo Servigne and colleagues found the Deep Adaptation work to be credible, and the criticisms often misleading. They noted that those criticisms do not invalidate the main message that collapse is a probability high enough to demand rapid and deep adaptation. [13]

Bendell published a response to critics of his 2018 paper in mid-2020. [14] Bendell also issued a revised version of the original paper in 2020. [4]  The original paper stated that “social collapse is inevitable.” The revision is “premised on the view that societal collapse is likely, inevitable, or already unfolding.” [1] Since the paper’s publication, numerous scientific measures of the pace of climate change have exceeded predictions. [15] [16]

The paper also faced ethical criticisms. These criticisms start from the assumption that stating a dark view of climate change leads to despair and inaction. Researchers Nicholas, Hall and Schmidt asserted that Bendell's claim of inevitable societal collapse due to runaway climate change was not only wrong, but that it would undermine the cause of the climate movement. [12] Michael Mann, [5] and science journalist Ronald Bailey in Reason [17] have voiced similar concerns.

Environmental activist and professor Rupert Read welcomed Bendell's analysis, suggesting that although the inevitability of societal collapse can be debated, its likelihood means that we must engage with the concept of Deep Adaptation because of the precautionary principle. [18] Naresh Giangrande, a founder of the first Transition Town, called the paper an important part of a growing field of credible scholarship on the real risks of societal collapse from impacts of climate disruption. [9] Social justice trainer Brooke Lavelle and sustainability researcher Zach Walsh asked, "What if our efforts to create a more just and caring world weren't separated from our efforts to adapt to near-term social collapse?" [19]

Logo from the Deep Adaptation Forum in 2020 DeepAdaptationForumLogo.png
Logo from the Deep Adaptation Forum in 2020

Emergence of a broader movement

Bendell's paper popularized the term "Deep Adaptation" and catalysed the emergence of associated online communities. [20] The BBC says that the paper "sparked a global movement with thousands of followers" who wish to "adapt their lifestyles to cope with the harsh conditions" [3] through the principles of Deep Adaptation. BBC presenter John Humphrys notes that the paper influenced the founders of Extinction Rebellion. [21]

In March 2019, Bendell and associates launched the Deep Adaptation Forum "for people who are seeking and building supportive communities to face the reality of the climate crisis." [1] The group's website [22] lists guiding principles including compassion, curiosity, and respect, [23] and a stance of non-violence. [5] [24] Its stated purpose is “to embody and enable loving responses to our predicament, so that we reduce suffering while saving more of society and the natural world.” [25]

The New York Times reported that a Facebook group titled "Positive Deep Adaptation" (since renamed "Deep Adaptation") had nearly 10,000 members as of March 2020 and was the most active site for the Deep Adaptation community, while 3,000 individuals participated in the official Deep Adaptation Forum. [1] A LinkedIn group titled 'Deep Adaptation' includes professors, government scientists, and investors. [20]

Development of the Deep Adaptation Concept and Agenda

Bendell added a fourth “R”, reconciliation, to the Deep Adaptation framework in 2019: [5]

Deep Adaptation is part of a wider public conversation about the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, global food insecurity, and the existential threats they pose. [27] [28] [29] [30] Several authors have asserted that whether one takes the pessimistic view of Deep Adaptation for the likelihood of societal collapse or a more optimistic view, the Deep Adaptation response of love-based action is appropriate, so that pessimists and optimists should work together. [9] [18]

The topic of societal collapse can generate overwhelming emotional responses. [31] Bendell and Carr have sought to constructively address these strong emotions. [32] [33]

In France, publication of the book Comment tout peut s’effondrer (How Everything Can Collapse) [34] [35] established the interdisciplinary field of study called collapsology, which embraces Deep Adaptation. [13] [36] The majority of the general public in France regard societal collapse as likely "in the coming years." [37] Collapsologists note that factors in addition to climate disruption may contribute to societal collapse. They argue that even if one regards an existential risk as small, still prudence demands one prepare for it. [36]

The Deep Adaptation community is mostly white, well-educated, and middle to upper class, [3] and is working to diversify and decolonialize. [13] Gesturing Toward Decolonial Futures (GTDF), a collective of academics, activists and indigenous people, have engaged Deep Adaptation. [38] GTDF includes people who are already living through, or in the aftermath of, societal collapses, and have perspectives and resources for “the challenging work that we need to do together as we collectively face the gradual collapse of the house of modernity, or, in other words, the end of the world as we know it.” [39]

Impact

Deep Adaptation and its framework of resilience, relinquishment, restoration, and reconciliation to reduce harm from climate and ecological devastation are being proposed for a variety of practical approaches to climate adaptation. [20] Areas in which Deep Adaptation has been discussed include maritime economics. [40]

Political scientist Joost de Moor notes that while Deep Adaptation and related "post-apocalyptic narratives" are becoming increasingly prevalent within climate change activist movements, they are often marginalized in strategy-making. [41] Bendell and Deep Adaptation have been influential in Extinction Rebellion. [42] [43] [44] [45] The XR Handbook "spells out a broad call for adaptation, including not just material interventions to alleviate specific climate risks, but also social, economic, political and cultural adaptation that radically restructures society in the face of futures characterized by climate disruptions." [41]

Deep Adaptation has been cited by several mental health professionals as a framework and community for addressing climate anxiety and ecological distress. [46] [47] [48]  A clinical social worker in Seattle states that "Organizations such as the Good Grief Network, the Deep Adaptation Forum and others have cropped up in the past several years to offer support and education about the climate crisis, and to inspire political action.” [46]   Noting the need for large-scale interventions to aid the large numbers of people experiencing climate distress, psychiatrists Beth Marks and Janet Lewis cite the Deep Adaptation community as a resource for those people. [47] They note that:

[Deep Adaptation] seeks to develop so-called collapse-readiness (ie, creating an equitable system for distribution of life essentials such as food, water, energy, and health care) and collapse-transcendence (fostering psycho-social-spiritual-cultural shifts to accept and live through collapse with some composure and stability).

Social worker and educator Caroline Hicks speaks of providing a Deep Adaptation perspective, to help people understand their climate-related distress and grief as legitimate, and to empower them to act. [48]

Buddhist scholar and ecological activist Joanna Macy, with professor Sean Kelly, characterize “speaking the truth” of Deep Adaptation as “like a tonic.” They now expect the inevitability of collapse, and they are compelled ethically to act “to ensure a softer landing, to minimize suffering, and to save what can be saved…” [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sociology of disaster</span>

Sociology of disaster or sociological disaster research is a sub-field of sociology that explores the social relations amongst both natural and human-made disasters. Its scope includes local, national, and global disasters - highlighting these as distinct events that are connected by people through created displacement, trauma, and loss. These connections, whether that is as a survivor, working in disaster management, or as a perpetrator role, is non-discrete and a complex experience that is sought to be understood through this sub-field. Interdisciplinary in nature, the field is closely linked with environmental sociology and sociocultural anthropology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Dowd</span> American author and advocate of ecotheology and post-doom (born 1958)

Michael Dowd was an American author, Christian minister, lecturer, and advocate of ecotheology and post-doom.

Doomers are people who are extremely pessimistic or fatalistic about global problems such as overpopulation, peak oil, climate change, ecological overshoot, pollution, nuclear weapons, and runaway artificial intelligence. The term, and its associated term doomerism, arose primarily on social media. Some doomers assert that there is a possibility these problems will bring about human extinction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Societal collapse</span> Fall of a complex human society

Societal collapse is the fall of a complex human society characterized by the loss of cultural identity and of social complexity as an adaptive system, the downfall of government, and the rise of violence. Possible causes of a societal collapse include natural catastrophe, war, pestilence, famine, economic collapse, population decline or overshoot, mass migration, incompetent leaders, and sabotage by rival civilizations. A collapsed society may revert to a more primitive state, be absorbed into a stronger society, or completely disappear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in popular culture</span>

References to climate change in popular culture have existed since the late 20th century and increased in the 21st century. Climate change, its impacts, and related human-environment interactions have been featured in nonfiction books and documentaries, but also literature, film, music, television shows and video games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rupert Read</span> British philosopher (born 1966)

Rupert Read is an academic and a Green Party campaigner, a former spokesperson for Extinction Rebellion, and the current director of the Climate Majority Project. He is the author of several books on Wittgenstein, philosophy, and/or climate change, most recently Why Climate Breakdown Matters, Deep Adaptation: Navigating the Realities of Climate Chaos, and Do You Want to Know the Truth? Until 2023, Read was a reader in philosophy at the University of East Anglia where he was awarded – as Principal Investigator – Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funding for two projects on "natural capital". His other major recent academic focus has been on the precautionary principle, having contributed substantially to work co-authored with Nassim Nicholas Taleb on applying the principle to questions of genetic modification of organisms. In further work, Read has theorised the utility of the precautionary principle in a wide range of areas, including: climate change, the environment, as well as financial and technology sectors.

Solastalgia is a neologism, formed by the combination of the Latin words sōlācium, 'solus' (desolation) with meanings connected to devastation, deprivation of comfort, abandonment and loneliness and the Greek root -algia, that describes a form of emotional or existential distress caused by negatively perceived environmental change. A distinction can be made between solastalgia as the lived experience of negatively perceived change in the present and eco-anxiety linked to worry or concern about what may happen in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global catastrophic risk</span> Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk

A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization. An event that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's existence or potential is known as an "existential risk".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecosystem collapse</span> Ecological communities abruptly losing biodiversity, often irreversibly

An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment. Ecosystems are never static, and are continually subject to both stabilizing and destabilizing processes. Stabilizing processes allow ecosystems to adequately respond to destabilizing changes, or perturbations, in ecological conditions, or to recover from degradation induced by them: yet, if destabilizing processes become strong enough or fast enough to cross a critical threshold within that ecosystem, often described as an ecological 'tipping point', then an ecosystem collapse. occurs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extinction Rebellion</span> Environmental pressure group

Extinction Rebellion is a UK-founded global environmental movement, with the stated aim of using nonviolent civil disobedience to compel government action to avoid tipping points in the climate system, biodiversity loss, and the risk of social and ecological collapse. Extinction Rebellion was established in Stroud in May 2018 by Gail Bradbrook, Simon Bramwell, Roger Hallam, Stuart Basden, along with six other co-founders from the campaign group Rising Up!

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jem Bendell</span> British professor of sustainability leadership

Jem Bendell is an emeritus professor of sustainability leadership with the University of Cumbria in the UK. He is best known for originating in 2018 the concept of "deep adaptation" for individuals and communities anticipating the consequences of ongoing climate change. In 2019 he founded the Deep Adaptation Forum to support peer-to-peer communications in developing positive responses at the individual and community levels to societal disruptions induced by climate change.

Eco-anxiety is a challenging emotional response to climate change and other environmental issues. Extensive studies have been done on ecological anxiety since 2007, and various definitions remain in use. The condition is not a medical diagnosis and is regarded as a rational response to the reality of climate change; however, severe instances can have a mental health impact if left without alleviation. There is also evidence that eco-anxiety is caused by the way researchers frame their research and their narratives of the evidence about climate change: if they do not consider the possibility of finding any solution to overcome climate change and for individuals to make a difference, they contribute to this feeling of powerlessness.

Ecological grief, or in particular climate grief, refers to the sense of loss that arises from experiencing or learning about environmental destruction or climate change. For example, scientists witnessing the decline of Australia's Great Barrier Reef report experiences of anxiety, hopelessness, and despair. Groups impacted heavily also include young people feeling betrayal from lack of environmental action by governments and indigenous communities losing their livelihoods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate apocalypse</span> Term to describe possible catastrophic events due to climate change

A climate apocalypse is a term used to denote a predicted scenario involving the global collapse of human civilization due to climate change. Such collapse could theoretically arrive through a set of interrelated concurrent factors such as famine, extreme weather, war and conflict, and disease. There are many similar terms in use such as climate dystopia, collapse, endgame, and catastrophe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital dystopia</span> Dystopian society arising due to technology

Digital dystopia, cyber dystopia or algorithmic dystopia refers to an alternate future or present in which digitized technologies or algorithms have caused major societal disruption. It refers to dystopian narratives of technologies influencing social, economic, and political structures, and its diverse set of components includes virtual reality, artificial intelligence, ubiquitous connectivity, ubiquitous surveillance, and social networks. In popular culture, technological dystopias often are about or depict mass loss of privacy due to technological innovation and social control. They feature heightened socio-political issues like social fragmentation, intensified consumerism, dehumanization, and mass human migrations.

The term collapsology is a neologism used to designate the transdisciplinary study of the risks of collapse of industrial civilization. It is concerned with the general collapse of societies induced by climate change, as well as "scarcity of resources, vast extinctions, and natural disasters." Although the concept of civilizational or societal collapse had already existed for many years, collapsology focuses its attention on contemporary, industrial, and globalized societies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychological impact of climate change</span> Aspect of climate change and society

The psychological impacts of climate change concerns effects that climate change can have on individuals' mental and emotional well-being. People experience a wide range of emotions as they grapple with the challenge posed by climate change between their short-term self-interest and their longer-term community interests. People respond to concerns about climate change in a variety of ways: behaviorally, via acts that frequently indicate conflicting attitudes; emotionally, through affective responses; and cognitively, through assessments. There is a wealth of research demonstrating how emotions influence people's decisions in a variety of contexts, including social issues, and can be used to distill personal experiences. They may also relate to more generalised effects on groups and their behaviours, such as the urge to migrate from affected areas of the globe to areas perceived as less affected. These impacts can manifest in various ways and affect people of all ages and backgrounds. Some of the key psychological impacts of climate change include: emotional states such as eco-anxiety, ecological grief, eco-anger or solastalgia. While troublesome, such emotions may not appear immediately harmful and can lead to a rational response to the degradation of the natural world motivating adaptive action. However, there can be other effects on health, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for instance, as a result of witnessing or seeing reports of massive wildfires, which may be more dangerous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longtermism</span> Philosophical view which prioritises the long-term future

Longtermism is the ethical view that positively influencing the long-term future is a key moral priority of our time. It is an important concept in effective altruism and a primary motivation for efforts that aim to reduce existential risks to humanity.

Postdoom, also post-doom, is a concept articulated by Michael Dowd in 2019 in his quest to "find the gift" beyond mere acceptance that ongoing climate change would inevitably lead to civilizational collapse. As Dowd reflected in a 2022 essay, "Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance: where are you in the vaunted stages of grief? And is doom automatically the end point?" He continued, "I began to explore the possibility of compassionate 'post-doom' forms of awareness." By the time of his death, Dowd had conducted more than fifty conversations with colleagues exploring the topic of post-doom, which are documented online in both video and audio formats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change and civilizational collapse</span> Discussion of scenarios for a collapse of civilization due to climate change

Climate change and civilizational collapse refers to a hypothetical risk of the impacts of climate change reducing global socioeconomic complexity to the point complex human civilization effectively ends around the world, with humanity reduced to a less developed state. This hypothetical risk is typically associated with the idea of a massive reduction of human population caused by the direct and indirect impacts of climate change, and often, it is also associated with a permanent reduction of the Earth's carrying capacity. Finally, it is sometimes suggested that a civilizational collapse caused by climate change would soon be followed by human extinction.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ahmed, Nahfeez (22 November 2019). "The Collapse of Civilization May have Already Begun". VICE. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Bendell, Jem (27 July 2018). "Deep adaptation: a map for navigating climate tragedy". University of Cumbria: 1–31. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Bromwich, Jonah E. (26 December 2020). "The Darkest Timeline". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 Bendell, Jem (2021) "Deep Adaptation: a Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy" In Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.). Deep Adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 211-223. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hunter, Jack (16 March 2020). "The 'climate doomers' preparing for society to fall apart". BBC News. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  6. ↑ Lenton, Timothy M.; Rockström, Johan; Gaffney, Owen; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (27 November 2019). "Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against". Nature. 575 (7784): 592–595. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..592L. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0. hdl: 10871/40141 . PMID   31776487. S2CID   208330359.
  7. 1 2 Green, Matthew (10 April 2019). "Extinction Rebellion: inside the new climate resistance". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  8. ↑ Tait, Adrian (2021). "Climate Psychology and its Relevance to Deep Adaptation". In Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.). Deep Adaptation: Navigating the Realities of Climate Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 105–122. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  9. 1 2 3 Giangrande, Naresh (29 July 2020). "Is Deep Adaptation Good Science?". Ecologist. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  10. ↑ Tsjeng, Zing (27 February 2019). "The Climate Change Paper So Depressing It's Sending People to Therapy". VICE. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  11. ↑ Meador, Ron (15 October 2018). "New outlook on global warming: Best prepare for social collapse, and soon". MinnPost. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Nicholas, Thomas; Hall, Galen; Schmidt, Colleen (14 July 2020). "The faulty science, doomism, and flawed conclusions of Deep Adaptation". openDemocracy. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  13. 1 2 3 Servigne, Pablo; Stevens, Raphaël; Chapelle, Gauthier; Rodary, Daniel (3 August 2020). "'Deep Adaptation opens up a necessary conversation about the breakdown of civilisation". Open Democracy. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  14. ↑ Bendell, Jem (31 August 2020). "To criticise Deep Adaptation, start here". openDemocracy. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  15. ↑ "Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying – IPCC". IPCC Newsroom. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  16. ↑ Dennis, Brady; Kaplan, Sarah (10 August 2021). "Humans have pushed the climate into 'unprecedented' territory, landmark U.N. report finds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  17. ↑ Bailey, Ronald (29 March 2019). "Good News! No Need to Have a Mental Breakdown Over 'Climate Collapse' ". Reason Magazine. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  18. 1 2 Read, Rupert (2021). "Riding Two Horses: The Future of Politics and Activism, as we Face Potential Eco-driven Societal Collapse". Deep Adaptation: Navigating the Realities of Climate Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 240–261. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  19. ↑ Lavelle, Brooke; Walsh, Zach (11 August 2019). "Responding with love to a civilization in crisis". openDemocracy. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  20. 1 2 3 Flavelle, Christopher (26 September 2018) "New Climate Debate: How to Adapt to the End of the World". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  21. ↑ Humphrys, John (17 April 2019) "Extinction Rebellion: Noble and Necessary or a Pointless Nuisance?". YouGov. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  22. ↑ "About the Deep Adaptation Forum". Deep Adaptation Forum. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  23. ↑ "DAF Charter". Deep Adaptation Forum. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  24. ↑ "DAF Non-violence Statement". Deep Adaptation Forum. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  25. ↑ "Deep Adaptation Forum". Archived from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  26. ↑ Bendell, Jem (2021). "Deep Adaptation: a Map for Navigating Climate Tragedy". In Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.). Deep Adaptation: Navigating the Realities of Climate Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 42–86. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  27. ↑ UN Security Council Press Release (23 February 2021). "Climate Change 'Biggest Threat Modern Humans Have Ever Faced', World-Renowned Naturalist Tells Security Council, Calls for Greater Global Cooperation" . Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  28. ↑ Murphy, Heather (3 August 2021). "Will These Places Survive a Collapse? Don't Bet on It, Skeptics Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  29. ↑ Herrington, Gaya (2021). "Update to limits to growth: Comparing the World3 model with empirical data". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 25 (3): 614–626. Bibcode:2021JInEc..25..614H. doi:10.1111/jiec.13084. S2CID   226019712 – via Wiley Online Library.
  30. ↑ Kuper, Simon (1 July 2021). "How to cope with the climate apocalypse". FT Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  31. ↑ Kieft, Jasmine and Bendell, Jem (2021) "The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research" University of Cumbria. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  32. ↑ Carr, Katie; Bendell, Jem (24 November 2020). "Facilitation for Deep Adaptation: enabling loving conversations about our predicament" (PDF). University of Cumbria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  33. ↑ Bendell, Jem; Carr, Katie (2 June 2021). "Group Facilitation on Societal Disruption and Collapse: Insights from Deep Adaptation". Sustainability. 13 (11): 6280. doi: 10.3390/su13116280 .
  34. ↑ Servigne, Pable; Stevens, Raphaël Stevens (2020). How Everything Can Collapse. Cambridge UK: Polity Press. ISBN   978-1509541393.
  35. ↑ Crichton, Danny (28 August 2021). "Can the world really just fall apart?". Tech Crunch. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  36. 1 2 Servigne, Pablo; Stevens, Raphaël; Chapelle, Gauthier; Daniel Rodary (2021). "Reasons for Anticipating Societal Collapse". in Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.).Deep Adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 87-101. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  37. ↑ Marion, Fabienne (28 July 2021). "65% of the French believe in the imminent collapse of our civilization..." UP Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  38. ↑ The Gesturing Towards Decolonial Futures Collective (24 August 2020). "Preparing for the end of the world as we know it". openDemocracy. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  39. ↑ Suša, Rene; Stein, Sharon; Andreotti, Vanessa; Čajkova, Tereza; Siwek, Dino and the Gesturing Towards Decolonial Futures Collective (2021). "Unconscious Addictions: Mapping Common Responses to Climate Change and Potential Climate Collapse" in Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.). Deep Adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 155-174. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  40. ↑ Monios, Jason; Wilmsmeier, Gordon (2 May 2020). "Deep adaptation to climate change in the maritime transport sector – a new paradigm for maritime economics?". Maritime Policy & Management. 47 (7): 853–872. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2020.1752947 . S2CID   219044869.
  41. 1 2 de Moor, Joost (1 September 2021). "Postapocalyptic narratives in climate activism: their place and impact in five European cities". Environmental Politics. 31 (6): 927–948. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2021.1959123 .
  42. ↑ Green, Matthew (10 April 2019). "Extinction Rebellion: inside the new climate resistance". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  43. ↑ Read, Rupert (2021). "Riding Two Horses: The Future of Politics and Activism, as we Face Potential Eco-driven Societal Collapse," in Deep Adaptation: Navigating the Realities of Climate Chaos. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 240–261. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
  44. ↑ Read, Rupert (8 February 2019). "Climate change and deep adaptation". Ecologist. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  45. ↑ Bendell, Jem (2019). "Doom and bloom? Adapting deeply to likely collapse". In: Extinction Rebellion (ed.). This is not a drill: an extinction rebellion handbook. Milton Keynes: Penguin, 73-80. ISBN   0141991445.
  46. 1 2 Chang, Connie (15 July 2021). "Here's what you can do to cope with your anxiety about climate change". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  47. 1 2 Marks, Beth; Lewis, Janet (10 December 2020). "Group Interventions for Climate Change Distress". Psychiatric Times.
  48. 1 2 Hicks, Caroline (7 June 2019). "What psychotherapy can do for the climate and biodiversity crises". THe Conversation. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  49. ↑ Kelly, Sean; Macy, Joanna (2021) "The Great Turning: Reconnecting Through Collapse". In Bendell, Jem; Read, Rupert (eds.). Deep Adaptation. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. pp. 197-208. ISBN   978-1-5095-4683-1.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.