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The Heimwehr or Heimatschutz was a nationalist, initially paramilitary group that operated in the First Austrian Republic from 1920 to 1936. It was similar in methods, organization, and ideology to the Freikorps in Germany. The Heimwehr was opposed to parliamentary democracy, socialism and Marxism and fought in various skirmishes against left-wing and foreign groups during the 1920s and 1930s. Some of its regional groups also opposed Nazism while others favored it. In spite of its anti-democratic stance, the Heimwehr developed a political wing called the Heimatblock that was close to the conservative Christian Social Party and took part in both the cabinet of Chancellor Carl Vaugoin in 1930 and in Engelbert Dollfuss' right-wing government from 1932 to 1934. In 1936 the Heimwehr was absorbed into what was at the time the only legally permitted political party in Austria, the Fatherland Front, and then later into the Frontmiliz, an amalgamation of militia units that in 1937 became part of Austria's armed forces.
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The Fatherland Front was the right-wing conservative, nationalist and corporatist ruling political organisation of the Federal State of Austria. It claimed to be a nonpartisan movement, and aimed to unite all the people of Austria, overcoming political and social divisions. Established on 20 May 1933 by Christian Social Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss as the only legally permitted party in the country, it was organised along the lines of Italian Fascism and was fully aligned with the Catholic Church and did not advocate any racial ideology, as later Italian Fascism did. It advocated Austrian nationalism and independence from Germany on the basis of protecting Austria's Catholic religious identity from what they considered a Protestant-dominated German state.
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Der Kampf was a monthly political magazine published in the period between 1907 and 1938. It was first headquartered in Vienna and then in Prague and Brno. It was affiliated with the Austrian Social Democratic Party (SDAP), and its subtitle was Sozialdemokratische Monatsschrift.
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Anton Holzer (16 March 2019). ""Der Kuckuck", Sprachrohr des "Roten Wien"". Wiener Zeitung . Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- 1 2 Brigitte Bargetz (2019). "Affective Attachments: Women's Suffrage in Austria and the Social Democratic Struggle for Women's Votes in Die Unzufriedene". Frontiers in Sociology. 4. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00028 .
- 1 2 3 4 5 Joyce Tsai (2005). "Der Kuckuck and the problem of workers' photography in Austria". History of Photography . 29 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1080/03087298.2005.10442802.
- ↑ "Braunthal, Julius". dasrotewien.at (in German). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "Der Kuckuck – die Illustrierte des Roten Wiens". Prometheus (in German). 27 January 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Bildung II. Zeitschrift Kuckuck 1932". ofra.at (in German). Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ↑ Matthias Marschik (2018). "Depicting Hakoah. Images of a Zionist Sports Club in Interwar Vienna". Historical Social Research . 43 (2): 135. JSTOR 26454283.
- ↑ "Edith Tudor-Hart. In the shadow of tyranny' at the Wien Museum, Vienna". Art Blart. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ↑ Judith Beniston (2006). "Culture and Politics in Red Vienna: Introduction". Austrian Studies. 14: 3. JSTOR 27944798.
- 1 2 3 4 Larry Ray (2020). "Social Theory, Photography and the Visual Aesthetic of Cultural Modernity". Cultural Sociology . 14 (2): 149, 156. doi:10.1177/1749975520910589.