Detention of refugee children in Thailand

Last updated

Immigration detention of refugee and asylum seeking children in Thailand violates the rights of children under international law. The undocumented migrant children are detained for indefinite and prolonged periods without proper access to legal support. [1] Thailand is key transit route, host and final destination for refugees seeking asylum in southeast Asia and Australia. [2] During the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) session in May 2016, various human rights issues including detention of refugee and asylum seeking children were reported. [3] Currently, there are no effective alternatives to immigration detention and all sectors of population including children are subject to detention. [4]

Contents

Overview

Arrest and detention of refugees

According to the UNHCR, the population of refugees in Thailand as of December 2016, was approximately 102,500 refugees of which 56,000 were children, mostly from Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. [5]

Thailand is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and does not have a formal asylum framework incorporated in domestic law. [6] Instead, it relies on ad hoc policies established through Cabinet Resolutions. [7] Refugees and asylum seekers are treated as illegal migrants and lack of legal framework makes refugees vulnerable to arrest, detention, discrimination, deportation and refoulement. [8] Exploitation and abuse of refugees and asylum seekers by Thai authorities are common and there is limited access to justice. Migrants who are arrested and unable to pay bribes are likely to be taken to police lock-ups or Immigration Detention Centres (IDCs).

The UNHCR has raised concerns about the treatment of the asylum seekers, refugees and migrants and status of IDC facilities. [9] The Immigration Act, B.E. 2522 (1979) provides broad discretionary powers to police officers and immigration officials to detain and arrest migrants, including children. The law does not set maximum length of time that a person can remain in immigration detention. Indefinite detention without judicial review amounts to arbitrary detention which is prohibited under international law. [10]

The UNHCR has limited role in Thailand and Thai authorities refuse to recognise "asylum Seeker certificates" issued by UNHCR and restricts protection of refugees, including children from arrest or detention by Thai police. [11]

Rohingya refugees

Over 100,000 refugees are from Myanmar of which 48,000 are children, make up the 90 percent of refugees in Thailand. [12] Many are stateless Rohingya Muslim minority who fled systemic persecution and discrimination from the Burmese Government. [13] A 2014 report by Human Rights Watch noted Thailand permitted 2,055 Rohingya to enter the country offering temporary protection but later treated them as illegal migrants and detained them in IDC. [14] The government does not allow the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees to conduct refugee status determination screenings for ethnic Rohingya from Myanmar. [15]

Urban refugees

There are 3,801 urban refugees and 4,130 asylum seekers registered with UNHCR in Thailand [16] and 2800 of which are children. [17] As they wait for refugee status determination by the UNHCR many are subject to poor treatment from Thai authorities, such as harsh and unlawful treatment by corrupt authorities and detained in IDCs for prolonged period until they could leave for third country resettlement. [18]

International obligations

Thailand became a member of the United Nations on 16 December 1946 [19] and is party to a number of key human rights treaties. Thailand is a dualist state therefore international law does not automatically bind the government unless it has been incorporated and transformed into domestic law. [20]

Convention on the Rights of the Child

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was ratified by Thailand in 1992, which mandates states to take best interests of the child as primary consideration. [21] Article 2(1) provides states to respect and ensure rights of all children and must not be discriminate against based on religion, race, political affiliation or other status.

The CRC further obligates states to:

Thailand has a reservation to Article 22, which mandates states to ensure refugee children receive protection and assistance in enjoying their rights and to cooperate with UN organisations to protect and assist reunification of child to the family. [33]

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Thailand ratified International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1996. It mandates states to:

The list of issues by the Human Rights Committee in relation to second periodic report of Thailand concerns various issues on Thailand's treatment of aliens and protection of children under articles 2, 7, 9, 10, 13, 24 and 26 of ICCPR. [39] Thailand has responded that it has refrained from deporting the refugees and the period of detention depends on the Refugee Status Determination and resettlement processes conducted by UNHCR.

Convention against Torture

Thailand ratified Convention against Torture (CAT) in 2007, which obligates states to:

Refugee Convention

Thailand is not a signatory and has not accepted the 1951 Refugee Convention in UPR's Recommendation & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016.

Children in detention facilities

Stateless refugee children and asylum seeking children whose refugee claim has been rejected may face indefinite periods in detention with little hope of release or repatriation. [42]

Conditions in detention

The conditions of IDCs in Thailand is widely reported as substandard. [43] Many live in poor hygiene with outdated facilities, without access to adequate health care and legal support. Children are detained in overcrowded cells, frequently separated from family members, without access to education, nutrition and privacy. A 2016 report by the BBC showed that children were suffering from vomiting and diarrhea due to unclean water. [44] Basic services such as education, recreational activities, medical examination and adequate food are only available in Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) shelters however many choose not to be separated from their children by sending them to shelters and consent to keep their children with them in IDCs. [45] Children are often detained without regard to protection required by their status as minors and often separated from their parents with unrelated adults, giving them greater risk of violation and abuse, including sexual abuse. [46] Current initiatives aimed at removing children from IDCs are limited and often discretionary.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has denied that detention of migrant children was result of the Government's policies but rather the preference of migrant parents themselves to keep family unity and logistical difficulties. [47] The Thai Government has also claimed that it has allocated over US$14.58 million to improve IDCs to enhance living conditions and has an order by the Thailand Immigration Bureau guaranteeing individual's rights to sanitation, food, health and respect for religious belief. [48]

Impact

Many children detained in IDCs have spent prolonged periods and some have spent almost their entire life in detention. [49] Children who do not receive basic necessities for their psychological and physical development can suffer from serious impacts of incarceration. [50]

Psychological and physical health

Prolonged detention for an indefinite period can cause psychological issues for detainees and this problem is especially grave for children. [51] In a joint report submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand at the 119th session of United Nations Human Rights Committee, [52] it noted many detained children suffer from stress, depression, fear and alienation. In 2017, The Guardian reported this environment can create developmental delays and for some children to self-harm. [53] Mental health has been identified as a major concern for detainees and there are few opportunities for referral for treatment.

Lack of access to education

Under Thailand's National Education Act 1999, [54] all children have the right to primary education regardless of their nationality or legal status. However children detained in IDCs cannot physically access schools to receive such services.

According to a 2012 Human Rights Watch report, Thailand's Immigration Office permitted the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) to operate a daycare centre for children under 14 years inside Suan Plu IDC. However it was reported that daycare programme does not offer proper education suitable for their age and as a result many have suffered problems such as insomnia, nightmares, bed-wetting, isolation development, attachment disorder and acts of violence. [55]

Possible reform

Thailand is still currently establishing national mechanisms under the framework of the Comprehensive Strategy on Addressing Illegal Migrants of 2012 to be in line with international standards and practices. [56]

Thailand has accepted 187 of 249 of UPR's Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges (Second Review) in September 2016 [57] and has accepted a recommendation to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture. It has also accepted in implementing Protection of Vulnerable Persons Act; improve access to health, education, social welfare for vulnerable groups including refugee children. However Thailand has not accepted key recommendations affecting migrant and refugee children, such as providing access to legal status for asylum seekers and refugees; withdrawing reservations to article 22 of CRC; ratification of 1951 Refugee Convention; complying with ICCPR by putting immediate end to arbitrary detention; prohibiting arbitrary arrests and detention including children.

In 2016, the Bangkok Post noted the decision by Chiang Rai Juvenile and Family Court has marked the first time a child who was recognised as a refugee by UNHCR, was entitled to protections under section 132(1) of Juvenile and Family Court and Juvenile and Family Case Procedure Act B.E. 2553 [2010] [58] which provides counselling services, vocational training and access to education. The decision was made having regard to best interests of the child, regardless of child's immigration status. [59]

UNHCR has advocated for a screening mechanism for undocumented immigrants and refugee children [60] and this has been approved by Thailand’s Cabinet. The framework will assist with identification and protection of refugees. [61]

See also

Related Research Articles

An asylum seeker is a person who flees their home country, enters another country and applies for asylum, i.e. the right to international protection, in this other country. An asylum seeker is a type of migrant and may be a refugee, a displaced person, but not an economic migrant. Migrants are not necessarily asylum seekers. A person becomes an asylum seeker by making a formal application for the right to remain in another country and keeps that status until the application has been concluded. The applicant becomes an "asylee" if their claim is accepted and asylum is granted. The relevant immigration authorities of the country of asylum determine whether the asylum seeker will be granted protection and become an officially recognised refugee (asylee) or whether asylum will be refused and asylum seeker becomes an illegal immigrant who has to leave the country and may even be deported. The asylum seeker may be recognised as a refugee and given refugee status if the person's circumstances fall into the definition of "refugee" according to the 1951 Refugee Convention or other refugee laws, such as the European Convention on Human Rights – if asylum is claimed within the European Union. However signatories to the refugee convention create their own policies for assessing the protection status of asylum seekers, and the proportion of asylum applicants who are rejected varies from country to country and year to year.

In international law, a stateless person is someone who is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". Some stateless people are also refugees. However, not all refugees are stateless, and many people who are stateless have never crossed an international border. On 12 November 2018, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees warned there are about 12 million stateless people in the world.

Australian immigration detention facilities comprise a number of different facilities throughout Australia. They are currently used to detain people who are under Australia's policy of mandatory immigration detention. Asylum seekers detected in boats in Australian waters have been detained in facilities on the offshore islands of Nauru and Manus Island, previously under the now defunct Pacific Solution and under Operation Sovereign Borders.

Refugee law is the branch of international law which deals with the rights and duties States have vis-a-vis refugees. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and international human rights law or humanitarian law. The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees, children, and prisoners of war.

Villawood Immigration Detention Centre

Villawood Immigration Detention Centre (IDC) is an Australian immigration detention facility located in the suburb of Villawood in Sydney, New South Wales in Australia.

Dublin Regulation European Union (EU) law regarding political asylum

The Dublin Regulation is a European Union (EU) law that determines which EU Member State is responsible for the examination of an application for asylum, submitted by persons seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union. It is the cornerstone of the Dublin System, which consists of the Dublin Regulation and the EURODAC Regulation, which establishes a Europe-wide fingerprinting database for unauthorised entrants to the EU. The Dublin Regulation aims to "determine rapidly the Member State responsible [for an asylum claim]" and provides for the transfer of an asylum seeker to that Member State.

Immigration detention government facility

Immigration detention is the policy of holding individuals suspected of visa violations, illegal entry or unauthorised arrival, and those subject to deportation and removal in detention until a decision is made by immigration authorities to grant a visa and release them into the community, or to repatriate them to their country of departure. Mandatory detention is the practice of compulsorily detaining or imprisoning people seeking political asylum, or who are considered to be illegal immigrants or unauthorised arrivals into a country. Some countries have set a maximum period of detention, while others permit indefinite detention.

Chin people one of the major ethnic nationalities in Burma. Chin is the primary ethnic group of the Chin State. The Chin are one of the founding groups (Chin, Kachin, Shan, and Myanmar) of the Union of Burma.

The Chin people are Sino-Tibetan ethnolinguistic group native to Chin State of Myanmar. The Chin are one of the founding groups of the Union of Burma. The Chin speak a variety of related languages, share elements of cultures and traditions. According to BBC News, "The Chin people... are one of the most persecuted minority groups in Burma." The largest subgroup of the Chin people are the Zomi. These people predominantly live in the Chin State, Bago Division, Ayeyarwady Division, Magwe Division, Rakhine State and Sagaing Region of Myanmar, but are also spread throughout Burma, Bangladesh and India as refugee. In the 2014 Burmese ethnic census, the Chin ethnicity was again dismissed by the people of the Chin State.

An unaccompanied minor is a child without the presence of a legal guardian.

The Russian Federation's Law on Refugees defines who is a refugee for purposes of obtaining asylum in the country. The Law defines a refugee as a "person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution. Upon receiving an asylum seeker's application, the Russian Migration Service determines whether the asylum seeker meets the legislative definition of a "refugee" and should be granted asylum.

Nauru is a small island country in the South Pacific. With a population of 13,649 it is the world's least populous independent republic. Nauru's government operates under its constitution, part two of which contains 'protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.' The Human Rights Council (UNHRC) carried out Nauru's Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in January 2011. The review was generally favourable with only a few areas of concern.

The Australian government has a policy and practice of detaining in immigration detention facilities non-citizens not holding a valid visa, suspected of visa violations, illegal entry or unauthorised arrival, and those subject to deportation and removal in immigration detention until a decision is made by the immigration authorities to grant a visa and release them into the community, or to repatriate them to their country of origin/passport. Persons in immigration detention may at any time opt to voluntarily leave Australia for their country of origin, or they may be deported or given a bridging or temporary visa.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Representation in Cyprus

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Representation in Cyprus is an office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) opened in August 1974 upon the request of the Government of Cyprus and the Secretary-General of the United Nations. UNHCR Representation in Cyprus was designated as Coordinator of the United Nations Humanitarian Assistance for Cyprus. UNHCR was also responsible upon the request of the Cyprus Government to examine applications for refugee status.

Human rights in Bhutan are those outlined in Article 7 of its Constitution. The Royal Government of Bhutan has affirmed its commitment to the "enjoyment of all human rights" as integral to the achievement of 'gross national happiness' (GNH); the unique principle which Bhutan strives for, as opposed to fiscally based measures such as GDP.

Immigration detention in the United States

The United States government holds tens of thousands of immigrants in detention under the control of Customs and Border Protection and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Immigrants are detained for unlawful entry to the United States, when their claims for asylum are received, and in the process of deportation and removal from the country. During Fiscal Year 2018, 396,448 people were booked into ICE custody: 242,778 of whom were detained by CBP and 153,670 by ICE's own enforcement operations. A daily average of 42,188 immigrants were held by ICE in that year. In addition, over twelve thousand immigrant children are housed by facilities under the supervision of the Office of Refugee Resettlement's program for Unaccompanied Alien Children. Prior to referral to these other agencies, the CBP holds immigrants at processing centers; between mid-May and mid-June 2019, it held between 14,000 and 18,000 immigrants.

Sudanese in Israel

Sudanese refugees in Israel refers to citizens of Sudan who have sought refuge in Israel due to military conflict at home, and to those who moved there illegally as migrant workers. In 2008, there were 4,000 Sudanese in Israel, 1,200 from Darfur and the remainder Christians from South Sudan. The majority entered through the Israeli-Egypt border. Most live in Tel-Aviv, Arad, Eilat and Bnei Brak.

The International Detention Coalition (IDC) is an incorporated not-for-profit organization, forming a network of more than 400 non-governmental organizations, faith-based groups, academics and individuals that provide legal, social, medical and other services, carry out research and reporting, and undertake advocacy and policy work on behalf of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants. These groups and individuals from more than 50 countries, have come together to form the IDC to share information and promote good practices and the greater use of international and regional human rights standards and principles as they relate to the detention of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants. This includes advocating for greater respect for the human rights of detainees, preventing and limiting the use of, seeking alternatives to, and using the least restrictive forms of, immigration detention.

Asylum in Australia has been granted to many refugees since 1945, when half a million Europeans displaced by World War II were given asylum. Since then, there have been periodic waves of asylum seekers from South East Asia and the Middle East, with government policy and public opinion changing over the years.

The National Immigrant Justice Center (NIJC) is a center affiliated with the Heartland Alliance in the United States that "is dedicated to ensuring human rights protections and access to justice for all immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers." Its executive director is Mary Meg McCarthy and it is headquartered in Chicago.

Thailand has become one of the destinations of choice for North Korean defectors aiming to resettle in third countries, particularly South Korea. Although the Royal Thai Government does not recognize North Korean escapees as refugees, but rather as illegal economic migrants, the Thai government allows North Koreans illegally entering the country to resettle in South Korea. This is possible because South Korea’s domestic law recognizes that North Koreans are also citizens of South Korea. The Thai government also cites the "conveniently blurred geographical distinctions" between the two Koreas in facilitating the transfer and resettlement process.

References

  1. ↑ Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand
  2. ↑ Hannah Summers "Child refugees held in 'harrowing' conditions across south-east Asia" The Guardian (June 2017).
  3. ↑ Thailand's Responses to UPR Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges.
  4. ↑ Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017)
  5. ↑ United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017).
  6. ↑ Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016)
  7. ↑ Fortify Rights A work in progress: Thailand's compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (March, 2017).
  8. ↑ Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017)
  9. ↑ Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Thailand Human Rights Committee (March 2017).
  10. ↑ Human Rights Watch Thailand: Migrant Children Locked Up
  11. ↑ Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016) at 26.
  12. ↑ United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017).
  13. ↑ Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017) at 2.
  14. ↑ Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon:Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand at 16.
  15. ↑ Human Rights Watch World report: Thailand events of 2016.
  16. ↑ UNHCR Thailand, pers. comm., 16 February 2017
  17. ↑ United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),Refugees in Thailand (accessed 20 August 2017).
  18. ↑ Thai Committee for Refugees Foundation Refugee Rights Situation in Thailand: Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review, Second Cycle, 25th Session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council (April 2016)
  19. ↑ https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm [United Nations United Nations Member States
  20. ↑ Sorayut Chasombat "Treaty-Making Process in Thailand under Article 190 of the Constitution B.E. 2550" (2012) at 3.
  21. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 3.
  22. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 6.
  23. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 9.
  24. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 19.
  25. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 20.
  26. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 24.
  27. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 27.
  28. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 31.
  29. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 34.
  30. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(a).
  31. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(b).
  32. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 37(d).
  33. ↑ Convention on the Rights of the Child (adopted on 20 November 1989, entered into force 2 September 1990) Art 22.
  34. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art7.
  35. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art4(1).
  36. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art9(4).
  37. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art 10.
  38. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted on 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976), art 24(1).
  39. ↑ UN Human Rights Committee List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of Thailand
  40. ↑ Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted on 10 December 1984,entered 26 June 1987), art 3.
  41. ↑ Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted on 10 December 1984,entered 26 June 1987), art 16.
  42. ↑ Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017)
  43. ↑ Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand
  44. ↑ "The Christians stranded in Thailand: Entire families flee Pakistan and head to Thailand"
  45. ↑ Asylum Access "Report on the Implementationof the ICCPR with Regard to the Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Thailand, Submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand (CCPR/C/THA/2) at the 119th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" (February 2017).
  46. ↑ Human Rights Watch Two Years With No Moon: Immigration Detention of Children in Thailand
  47. ↑ Human Rights Watch Thailand: Migrant Children Locked Up
  48. ↑ Replies of Thailand to the list of issues to second periodic report of Thailand.
  49. ↑ Alice Farmer "The impact of immigration detention on children" (2013) FMR 44.
  50. ↑ Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network Advancing the rights of refugees in the Asia Pacific region: Thailand (March, 2017)
  51. ↑ Allan S Keller et al, "Mental health of detained asylum seekers", (2003) The Lance 362 at 1721.
  52. ↑ Asylum Access "Report on the Implementation of the ICCPR with Regard to the Rights of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Thailand, Submitted for the Second Periodic Report of Thailand (CCPR/C/THA/2) at the 119th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" (February 2017).
  53. ↑ Hannah Summers "Child refugees held in 'harrowing' conditions across south-east Asia" The Guardian (June 2017).
  54. ↑ National Education Act B.E 2542 (1999)
  55. ↑ Human Rights Watch Thailand: Refugee Policies Ad Hoc and Inadequate
  56. ↑ Highlights of Thailand’s implementation of recommendations and voluntary pledges under the first cycle of the Universal Periodic Review 2012-2014 (Mid-term update)
  57. ↑ Thailand's Responses to UPR Recommendations & Voluntary Pledges.
  58. ↑ Juvenile and Family Court and Juvenile and Family Case Procedure, Act B.E. 2553 [2010].
  59. ↑ Bangkok Post Milestone' ruling in Chiang Rai protects Somali refugee (2 December 2016)
  60. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Global Strategy: Beyond Detention 2014-2019 (2014) at 17.
  61. ↑ UNHCR welcomes Thai Cabinet approval of framework for refugee screening mechanism UNHCR (January 2017).
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.