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The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds. The glottis is crucial in producing sound from the vocal folds.
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.
In humans, the vocal cords, also known as vocal folds, are folds of throat tissues that are key in creating sounds through vocalization. The size of vocal cords affects the pitch of voice. Open when breathing and vibrating for speech or singing, the folds are controlled via the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve. They are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally, from back to front, across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation.
The human voice consists of sound made by a human being using the vocal tract, including talking, singing, laughing, crying, screaming, shouting, humming or yelling. The human voice frequency is specifically a part of human sound production in which the vocal folds are the primary sound source.
Vocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck, as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method. Vocal fold nodules interfere with the vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds by increasing the mass of the vocal folds and changing the configuration of the vocal fold closure pattern. Due to these changes, the quality of the voice may be affected. As such, the major perceptual signs of vocal fold nodules include vocal hoarseness and breathiness. Other common symptoms include vocal fatigue, soreness or pain lateral to the larynx, and reduced frequency and intensity range. Airflow levels during speech may also be increased. Vocal fold nodules are thought to be the result of vocal fold tissue trauma caused by excessive mechanical stress, including repeated or chronic vocal overuse, abuse, or misuse. Predisposing factors include profession, gender, dehydration, respiratory infection, and other inflammatory factors.
Minami Takayama is a Japanese voice actress, narrator and singer who is currently affiliated with 81 Produce. She is also the main vocalist of Two-Mix and ES CONNEXION when it was active. Her uncle is a former New Japan Pro-Wrestling managing director Hisashi Shinma.
Houko Kuwashima is a Japanese voice actress and singer. She is capable of playing a variety of roles, ranging from young boys to feminine women. She is affiliated with Aoni Production. Her first major role was as Yurika Misumaru in Martian Successor Nadesico and she has had lead or major roles in a number of others.
Ryōtarō Okiayu is a Japanese actor and voice actor affiliated with Aoni Production. His major roles include Byakuya Kuchiki in Bleach, Treize Khushrenada in Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, Hisashi Mitsui in Slam Dunk, Meisuke Nueno in Hell Teacher Nūbē, Kunimitsu Tezuka in The Prince of Tennis, Zero in Mega Man X, Yuu Matsuura in Marmalade Boy, Shigure Sohma in Fruits Basket, Dark in D.N. Angel, Toriko in Toriko and Kokushibo in Demon Slayer. As a singer, he was one of the members for Entertainment Music Unit from 1995 to 2000. He is married to voice actress Ai Maeda. His range is A～E♯ and his dialect is Osakan. His older sister is an animator. He is the official voice-over dub for Scott Foley, Taylor Kitsch, Lin Gengxin and Stephen Fung.
Esophageal speech, also known as esophageal voice, is an airstream mechanism for speech that involves oscillation of the esophagus. This contrasts with traditional laryngeal speech, which involves oscillation of the vocal folds. In esophageal speech, pressurized air is injected into the upper esophagus and then released in a controlled manner to create the airstream necessary for speech. Esophageal speech is a learned skill that requires speech training and much practice. On average it takes 6 months to a year to learn this form of speech. Because of the high level of difficulty in learning esophageal speech, some patients are unable to master the skill.
Keiji Fujiwara was a Japanese actor and voice actor.
Sayaka Ohara is a Japanese voice actress affiliated with Haikyō. Her major roles include Alicia Florence in Aria, Milly Ashford in Code Geass, Erza Scarlet in Fairy Tail, Irisviel in the Fate/Zero and Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya series, Layla Hamilton in Kaleido Star, Michiru Kaiou/Sailor Neptune in Sailor Moon Crystal, Beatrice in Umineko no Naku Koro ni, Yūko Ichihara in xxxHolic and Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle, and the initial voice of Gammisers in episode 27-34 of Kamen Rider Ghost. She has also voiced in a variety of video games and live-action overseas dubs, and hosts a number of radio shows, many of which are related to her voice projects. In 2013, she received a Best Supporting Actress award at the 7th Seiyu Awards.
Tamio Ōki was a Japanese voice actor. He was affiliated with Mausu Promotion.
A hoarse voice, also known as dysphonia or hoarseness, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch. A hoarse voice can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat. Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx. It may be caused by laryngitis, which in turn may be caused by an upper respiratory infection, a cold, or allergies. Cheering at sporting events, speaking loudly in noisy situations, talking for too long without resting one's voice, singing loudly, or speaking with a voice that's too high or too low can also cause temporary hoarseness. A number of other causes for losing one's voice exist, and treatment is generally by resting the voice and treating the underlying cause. If the cause is misuse or overuse of the voice, drinking plenty of water may alleviate the problems.
"Voice therapy" or "voice training" refers to any non-surgical technique used to improve or modify the human voice. Because voice is a social cue to a person's sex and gender, transgender people may frequently undertake voice training or therapy as a part of gender transitioning in order to make their voices sound more typical of their gender, and therefore increase their likelihood of being perceived as that gender. Having voice and speech characteristics align with one's gender identity is often important to transgender individuals, whether their goal be feminization, neutralization or masculinization. Voice therapy can be seen as an act of gender- and identity-affirming care, in order to reduce gender dysphoria and gender incongruence, improve the self-reported wellbeing and health of transgender people, and alleviate concerns over an individual being recognized as transgender.
Hidenobu Kiuchi is a Japanese voice actor. Some of his major roles include Hol Horse in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders, Yūshi Oshitari in The Prince of Tennis, Kenzo Tenma in Monster, Ren Honjo in Nana, Hei in Darker than Black, Shisui Uchiha in Naruto Shippuden and Dad in Chi's Sweet Home. He began as a stage actor when one of his seniors got him to do voice acting. He has taken lead roles such as Jose in Gunslinger Girl and Ramsbeckite Hematite in Cluster Edge. In 2008, he was the first Japanese voice actor to guest at an anime convention in Australia.
Vocal cord paresis, also known as recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis or vocal fold paralysis, is an injury to one or both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), which control all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle. The RLN is important for speaking, breathing and swallowing.
Vocaloid 4 is a singing voice synthesizer and successor to Vocaloid 3 in the Vocaloid series. It was succeeded by Vocaloid 5.
Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) are a set of phonetic symbols used to transcribe disordered speech for what in speech pathology is known as "voice quality". This phrase is usually synonymous with phonation in phonetics, but in speech pathology encompasses secondary articulation as well.
Aya Endō is a Japanese voice actress and narrator from Yamagata Prefecture who is currently affiliated with Office PAC. After Yūko Mizutani's death, she became the official Japanese dub voice of Minnie Mouse, and has taken over many of Mizutani's other roles. Her hobby is swimming.
References
- ↑ Ward; Sanders; Goldman; Moore (1969). "Diplophonia". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 78 (4): 771–777. doi:10.1177/000348946907800409. PMID 5799401. S2CID 208953905.
- ↑ Kiritani; Hirose; Imagawa (1993). "High-speed digital image analysis of vocal cord vibration in diplophonia". Speech Communication. 13 (1–2): 23–32. doi:10.1016/0167-6393(93)90056-Q.
- 1 2 吉岡博英 (1987). "二重声の成立機序に関する音響的側面について" (in Japanese). 筑波大学. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
- ↑ "仮声帯肥大" (in Japanese). sickness-dictionary.jp. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-26.
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