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Radar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby astronomical objects by reflecting microwaves off target objects and analyzing the reflections. This research has been conducted for six decades. Radar astronomy differs from radio astronomy in that the latter is a passive observation and the former an active one. Radar systems have been used for a wide range of Solar System studies. The radar transmission may either be pulsed or continuous.
Steven Jeffrey Ostro was an American scientist specializing in radar astronomy. He worked at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Ostro led radar observations of numerous asteroids, as well as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, Saturn's rings, and Mars and its satellites. As of May 2008, Ostro and his collaborators had detected 222 near-Earth asteroids and 118 main belt objects with radar.
1566 Icarus is a large near-Earth object of the Apollo group and the lowest numbered potentially hazardous asteroid. It has is an extremely eccentric orbit (0.83) and measures approximately 1.4 km (0.87 mi) in diameter. In 1968, it became the first asteroid ever observed by radar. Its orbit brings it closer to the Sun than Mercury and further out than the orbit of Mars, which also makes it a Mercury-, Venus-, and Mars-crossing asteroid. This stony asteroid and relatively fast rotator with a period of 2.27 hours was discovered on 27 June 1949, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was named after the mythological Icarus.
216 Kleopatra is a large M-type asteroid with a mean diameter of 120 kilometers and is noted for its elongate bone or dumbbell shape. It was discovered on 10 April 1880 by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Pola Observatory, in what is now Pula, Croatia, and was named after Cleopatra, the famous Egyptian queen. It has two small minor-planet moons which were discovered in 2008 and later named Alexhelios and Cleoselene.
Nysa is a large and very bright main-belt asteroid, and the brightest member of the Nysian asteroid family. It is classified as a rare class E asteroid and is probably the largest of this type.
Ausonia is a stony Vestian asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis on 10 February 1861, from the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, in Naples, Italy. The initial choice of name for the asteroid was "Italia", after Italy, but this was modified to Ausonia, an ancient classical name for the Italian region.
Niobe is a stony Gallia asteroid and relatively slow rotator from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 90 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by the German astronomer Robert Luther on 13 August 1861, and named after Niobe, a character in Greek mythology. In 1861, the brightness of this asteroid was shown to vary by astronomer Friedrich Tietjen.
Klotho is a fairly large main-belt asteroid. While it is an M-type, its radar albedo is too low to allow a nickel-iron composition. Klotho is similar to 21 Lutetia and 22 Kalliope in that all three are M-types of unknown composition. Klotho was found by Ernst Tempel on February 17, 1868. It was his fifth and final asteroid discovery. It is named after Klotho or Clotho, one of the three Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology.
Artemis is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 16, 1868, at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was named after Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, Moon, and crossways in Greek Mythology.
144 Vibilia is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 140 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 June 1875, by German–American astronomer Christian Peters at Litchfield Observatory of the Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, United States. Peters named it after Vibilia, the Roman goddess of traveling, because he had recently returned from a journey across the world to observe the transit of Venus. Peters also discovered 145 Adeona on the same night. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955.
Elsa is a Massalia or background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1878, by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Austrian Naval Observatory in today's Croatia. The S-type asteroid has a very long rotation period of 80 hours and likely an elongated shape. The origin of its name is uncertain.
2100 Ra-Shalom is an asteroid and near-Earth object of the Aten group on an eccentric orbit in the inner Solar System. It was discovered on 10 September 1978, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory, California, who named it in commemoration of the Camp David Peace Accords. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.8 hours and measures approximately 2.7 kilometers in diameter.
694 Ekard is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf on November 7, 1909. The asteroid's name comes from the reverse spelling of Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where Seth Barnes Nicholson and his wife calculated its orbit.
1627 Ivar, provisional designation 1929 SH, is an elongated stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 15×6×6 km. It was discovered on 25 September 1929, by Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa. It was named after Ivar Hertzsprung, brother of the discoverer. 1627 Ivar was the first asteroid to be imaged by radar, in July 1985 by the Arecibo Observatory.
Gordon Hemenway Pettengill was an American radio astronomer and planetary physicist. He was one of the first to take radar from its original military application to its use as a tool for astronomy. He was professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
(185851) 2000 DP107 is a sub-kilometer sized asteroid, classified as potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group that is notable because it provided evidence for binary asteroids in the near-Earth population.
1580 Betulia, provisional designation 1950 KA, is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was named for Betulia Toro, wife of astronomer Samuel Herrick.
1915 Quetzálcoatl, provisional designation 1953 EA, is a very eccentric, stony asteroid classified as near-Earth object, about half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 9 March 1953, by American astronomer Albert George Wilson at Palomar Observatory, California. It was named for Quetzalcoatl from Aztec mythology.
Richard M. "Dick" Goldstein is an American radar astronomer and planetary scientist, who has been called "The Father of Radar Interferometry."
References
- ↑ Campbell, D. B.; Stacy, N. J. S.; Newman, W. I.; Arvidson, R. E.; Jones, E. M.; Musser, G. S.; Roper, A. Y.; Schaller, C. (1992). "Magellan observations of extended impact crater related features on the surface of Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research. 97 (E10): 16249. Bibcode:1992JGR....9716249C. doi:10.1029/92JE01634. ISSN 0148-0227.
- ↑ Campbell, Donald B.; Campbell, Bruce A.; Carter, Lynn M.; Margot, Jean-Luc; Stacy, Nicholas J. S. (2006). "No evidence for thick deposits of ice at the lunar south pole". Nature. 443 (7113): 835–837. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..835C. doi:10.1038/nature05167. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051213.
- ↑ Campbell, Donald B.; Chandler, John F.; Ostro, Steven J.; Pettengill, Gordon H.; Shapiro, Irwin I. (1978). "Galilean satellites: 1976 radar results". Icarus. 34 (2): 254–267. Bibcode:1978Icar...34..254C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90166-5. ISSN 0019-1035.
- ↑ Campbell, Donald B.; Black, Gregory J.; Carter, Lynn M.; Ostro, Steven J. (2003). "Radar Evidence for Liquid Surfaces on Titan". Science. 302 (5644): 431–434. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..431C. doi:10.1126/science.1088969. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 14526087.
- ↑ Campbell, D. B.; Harmon, J. K.; Shapiro, I. I. (1989). "Radar observations of Comet Halley". The Astrophysical Journal. 338: 1094. Bibcode:1989ApJ...338.1094C. doi:10.1086/167259. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Campbell, D.B.; Pettengill, G.H.; Shapiro, I.I. (1976). "70-cm radar observations of 433 Eros". Icarus. 28 (1): 17–20. Bibcode:1976Icar...28...17C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(76)90080-4. ISSN 0019-1035.
- ↑ Butrica, Andrew J. (1996). To see the unseen: a history of planetary radar astronomy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 224. ISBN 0160485789.
- ↑ "Introduction to Asteroid Radar Astronomy". UCLA. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ↑ IAU Minor Planet Center. "(4553) Doncampbell". minorplanetcenter.net.
