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References
- 1 2 Urvoy, Y. (1949). Historie De L'Empire Du Bronu (Memoires De L'Institut Francais D'Afrique Noire, No. 7 ed.). Paris: Librairie Larose. p. 26.
- ↑ Smith: Early states, 167.
- 1 2 Palmer, Richmond (1936). The Bornu Sahara and Sudan. London: John Murray. pp. 9, 38, 118, 180.
- ↑ Lange: Founding of Kanem, 13-18.
- ↑ Urvoy, Empire, 26.