Dysphoric milk ejection reflex

Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
Differential diagnosis	Postpartum depression, Breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)

Last updated December 04, 2023

Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a condition in which women who breastfeed develop negative emotions that begin just before the milk ejection reflex and last less than a few minutes.^[2] It is different from postpartum depression, breastfeeding aversion response (BAR),^[1] or a dislike of breastfeeding.^[2] It has been described anecdotally many times,^[2] yet one of the earliest case studies on the condition was only published in 2011,^[3] and not much research was done prior to that. Even in 2021 when the first review of published literature was done the authors noted that health care providers were still "barely [able to] recognize D-MER."^[4]

The feelings described may also occur in women who are not currently, or never have been, breastfeeding. In these cases, stimulation of the nipples produces a similar, dysphoric feeling as described by women with a condition identified as D-MER. A link between local dopamine blockage and the precise location of AMPA-glutamate blockage in the nucleus accumbens,^[5] and the subsequent experience of stimuli as negative or positive has been researched but not confirmed as the cause of D-MER and related conditions.

Signs and symptoms

The lactating woman develops a brief period of dysphoria that begins just prior to the milk ejection reflex and continues for not more than several minutes. It may recur with every milk release, any single release, or only with the initial milk release at each feeding. D-MER always presents as an emotional reaction but may also produce a hollow or churning feeling in the pit of the stomach, nausea, restlessness, and/or general unease. When experiencing D-MER, mothers may report any of a spectrum of different unpleasant emotions, ranging from depression to anxiety to anger. Each of these emotions can be felt at a different level of intensity.^[2]

Diagnosis

D-MER does not appear to be a psychological response to breastfeeding. It is possible for women to have psychological responses to breastfeeding, but D-MER gives evidence of being a physiological reflex.^[6]
D-MER is not postpartum depression or a postpartum mood disorder. A woman can have D-MER and PPD, but they are separate conditions and the common treatments for PPD do not treat D-MER. The majority of women with D-MER report no other mood disorders.^[7]
D-MER is not the "breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)" that can happen to some when continuing to nurse while pregnant. Breastfeeding aversion response occurs upon nipple contact when nursing whereas D-MER is triggered by the let-down reflex, even if it is several minutes after latching.^[1]

Management

There is no product that is medically approved to treat D-MER. It has been hypothesized that efforts to raise dopamine may help, and anecdotal evidence encourages a healthy diet limiting caffeine intake and adding supplements.^[8]

Emotional support

Awareness, understanding, and education appear to be important. Many people with D-MER rate their D-MER much worse prior to learning what is causing their feelings.^[9] Once a mother understands that she is not alone in her condition and realizes it is a physiological condition she seems to be much less likely to wean prematurely.^[10]

History

The first documented reference to a hormonally based negative emotional reaction while breastfeeding was found online in a forum in June 2004.^[11] Prior to the launch of D-MER.org the phenomenon was unknown, unnamed, misunderstood and rarely mentioned or talked about. The term dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) came from Alia Macrina Heise who described it in 2007.^[8] It was chosen due to the emotional reaction (dysphoria) to milk let-down (milk ejection reflex). The "milk ejection reflex" is abbreviated among lactation professionals and referred to as the M-E-R. In 2008 a team of lactation consultants, headed up by Diane Wiessinger, worked together and consulted with other medical professionals to do a preliminary investigation to better understand D-MER.^[12] Case reports and case series have been published on the topic.^[13]^[14] A 2019 study reported a prevalence rate of 9.1%.^[15] An October 2021 review of literature published to that date reported:

Due to poor public awareness of D-MER and the scarcity of evidence-based literature, many mothers may mistake D-MER for postpartum depression especially given its atypical symptomatic manifestations, and lactation practitioners and health care providers may also barely recognize D-MER. Another challenge in the management of D-MER is that mental health professionals may lack knowledge about lactation or training in lactation management. This makes it necessary to educate mothers because educated mothers are usually better at handling postpartum situations if they are prepared in advance.^[4]

Related Research Articles

The postpartum period begins after childbirth and is typically considered to last for six weeks. However, there are three distinct but continuous phases of the postnatal period; the acute phase, lasting for six to twelve hours after birth; the subacute phase, lasting six weeks; and the delayed phase, lasting up to six months. During the delayed phase, some changes to the genitourinary system take much longer to resolve and may result in conditions such as urinary incontinence. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most maternal and newborn deaths occur during this period.

Breast milk or mother's milk is milk produced by mammary glands located in the breast of a human female. Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns, containing fat, protein, carbohydrates and variable minerals and vitamins. Breast milk also contains substances that help protect an infant against infection and inflammation, whilst also contributing to healthy development of the immune system and gut microbiome.

Domperidone, sold under the brand name Motilium among others, is a dopamine antagonist medication which is used to treat nausea and vomiting and certain gastrointestinal problems like gastroparesis. It raises the level of prolactin in the human body and is used to induce and promote breast milk production. It may be taken by mouth or rectally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galactagogue</span> Substance promoting lactation

A galactagogue, or galactogogue, also known as a lactation inducer or milk booster, is a substance that promotes lactation in humans and other animals. It may be synthetic, plant-derived, or endogenous. They may be used to induce lactation and to treat low milk supply.

Lactational amenorrhea, also called postpartum infertility, is the temporary postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding.

Erotic lactation is sexual arousal by breastfeeding on a woman's breast. Depending on the context, the practice can also be referred to as adult suckling, adult nursing, and adult breastfeeding. Practitioners sometimes refer to themselves as being in an adult nursing relationship (ANR). Two persons in an exclusive relationship can be called a nursing couple.

Overactive let-down (OALD) is the forceful ejection of milk from the breast during breastfeeding. In some women it occurs only with the first let-down in a feeding, occasionally women may have multiple strong letdowns during a feeding. OALD can make breastfeeding difficult and can be the source of some breastfeeding complications. It may also be known as hyper milk-ejection. A woman may have OALD in addition to an oversupply of breastmilk. The physical or medical cause of an overactive let-down is still unknown. Whether mothers with OALD have a higher overall milk volume – or a strong reaction to the hormone oxytocin also remains to be seen.

Breastfeeding difficulties refers to problems that arise from breastfeeding, the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a woman's breasts. Although babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk, and human breast milk is usually the best source of nourishment for human infants, there are circumstances under which breastfeeding can be problematic, or even in rare instances, contraindicated.

Breastfeeding, or nursing, is the process by which human breast milk is fed to a child. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be pumped and fed to the infant. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's life and continue as often and as much as the baby wants. Health organizations, including the WHO, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months. This means that no other foods or drinks, other than vitamin D, are typically given. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years and beyond. Of the 135 million babies born every year, only 42% are breastfed within the first hour of life, only 38% of mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months, and 58% of mothers continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond.

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature female mammals, although it may predate mammals. The process of feeding milk in all female creatures is called nursing, and in humans it is also called breastfeeding. Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as witch's milk.

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Fertility while breastfeeding is controlled by the hormonal effects induced by breastfeeding during the postpartum period. Hormones associated with lactation and breastfeeding can inhibit processes necessary for conception. Because of the high variation of this process, breastfeeding is not recommended to be a method of contraception by medical providers, although correct use of breastfeeding as contraception, termed Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM), is as effective as hormonal contraceptive pills for the first six months after birth.

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References

1 2 3 Morns MA, Steel AE, McIntyre E, Burns E (January 7, 2022). "'It Makes My Skin Crawl': Women's experience of breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)". Women and Birth. 35 (6): 582–592. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2022.01.001. PMID 35012885.
1 2 3 4 Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM (2015). Breastfeeding E-Book: A Guide for the Medical Professional. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 626. ISBN 978-0-323-39420-8.
↑ Heise AM, Wiessinger D (June 2011). "Dysphoric milk ejection reflex: A case report". International Breastfeeding Journal. 6 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186/1746-4358-6-6 . PMC 3126760 . PMID 21645333.
1 2 Deif, R.; Burch, E. M.; Azar, J.; Yonis, N.; Abou Gabal, M.; El Kramani, N.; Dakhlallah, D. (2021). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: The Psychoneurobiology of the Breastfeeding Experience". Frontiers in Global Women's Health. 2: 669826. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.669826 . PMC 8594038 . PMID 34816221.
↑ Faure A, Reynolds SM, Richard JM, Berridge KC (July 2008). "Mesolimbic dopamine in desire and dread: enabling motivation to be generated by localized glutamate disruptions in nucleus accumbens". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (28): 7184–92. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4961-07.2008. PMC 2519054 . PMID 18614688.
↑ "Is it Psychological?". www.D-MER.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
↑ "For Moms Who Feel Bad Before Breastfeeding, This May Be Why". Postpartum Progress. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
1 2 "What is D-MER?". La Leche League International. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
↑ "Specifics of D-MER". Archived from the original on 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
↑ Watkinson M, Murray C, Simpson J (May 2016). "Maternal experiences of embodied emotional sensations during breast feeding: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis" (PDF). Midwifery. 36: 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2016.02.019. PMID 27106944.
↑ Bethla (13 June 2004). "Strange Feeling". MotheringDotCommunity. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16.
↑ Wiessinger D. "LCs Concur". D-MER.ORG. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
↑ Cox S (March 2010). "A case of dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER)". Breastfeeding Review. 18 (1): 16–8. PMID 20443435.
↑ Ureño TL, Buchheit TL, Hopkinson SG, Berry-Cabán CS (January 5, 2018). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: A Case Series". Breastfeeding Medicine. 13 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.0086. PMID 29115857.
↑ Ureño, T. L.; Berry-Cabán, C. S.; Adams, A.; Buchheit, T. L.; Hopkinson, S. G. (2019). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: A Descriptive Study". Breastfeeding Medicine. 14 (9): 666–673. doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.0091. PMID 31393168. S2CID 199504292 . Retrieved January 14, 2022.