Related Research Articles
The education system in New Zealand implements a three-tier model which includes primary and intermediate schools, followed by secondary schools and by tertiary education at universities and polytechnics. The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from early February until mid-December for primary schools, late January to late November or early December for secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities.
Tuition payments, usually known as tuition in American English and as tuition fees in Commonwealth English, are fees charged by education institutions for instruction or other services. Besides public spending, private spending via tuition payments are the largest revenue sources for education institutions in some countries. In most developed countries, especially countries in Scandinavia and Continental Europe, there are no or only nominal tuition fees for all forms of education, including university and other higher education.
Tertiary education fees in Australia are payable for courses at tertiary education institutions. For most of the "domestic students", the Commonwealth government provides loans, subsidies, social security welfare payments & benefits to relieve the cost of tertiary education, these benefits are not available to the "international students". Some domestic students are supported by the government and are required to pay only part of the cost of tuition, called the "student contribution", and the government pays the balance. Some government supported students can defer payment of their contribution as a HECS-HELP loan. Other domestic students are full fee-paying and do not receive direct government contribution to the cost of their education. Some domestic students in full fee courses can obtain a FEE-HELP loan from the Australian government up to a lifetime limit of $150,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $104,440 for all other programs.
A student loan is a type of loan designed to help students pay for post-secondary education and the associated fees, such as tuition, books and supplies, and living expenses. It may differ from other types of loans in the fact that the interest rate may be substantially lower and the repayment schedule may be deferred while the student is still in school. It also differs in many countries in the strict laws regulating renegotiating and bankruptcy. This article highlights the differences of the student loan system in several major countries.
Free education is education funded through government spending or charitable organizations rather than tuition funding. Many models of free higher education have been proposed. Primary school and other comprehensive or compulsory education is free in many countries. Tertiary education is also free in certain countries, including post-graduate studies in the Nordic countries. The Article 13 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ensures the right to free education at primary education and progressive introduction of it at secondary and higher education as the right to education.
Student financial aid in the United States is funding that is available exclusively to students attending a post-secondary educational institution in the United States. This funding is used to assist in covering the many costs incurred in the pursuit of post-secondary education. Financial aid is available from federal and state governments, educational institutions, and private organizations. It can be awarded in the form of grants, loans, work-study, and scholarships. In order to apply for federal financial aid, students must first complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
The Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) (French: Régime d'aide financière aux étudiantes et étudiants de l'Ontario ) is a provincial financial aid program that offers grants and loans to help Ontario students pay for their post-secondary education. OSAP determines the amount of money that a student is eligible to receive by considering factors such as tuition, course load, and the financial resources of the student. More than 380,000 students – more than half of all full-time students –received student financial aid in 2014-15.
A Pell Grant is a subsidy the U.S. federal government provides for students who need it to pay for college. Federal Pell Grants are limited to students with exceptional financial need, who have not earned their first bachelor's degree, or who are enrolled in certain post-baccalaureate programs, through participating institutions. Originally known as a Basic Educational Opportunity Grant, it was renamed in 1980 in honor of Democratic U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island. A Pell Grant is generally considered the foundation of a student's financial aid package, to which other forms of aid are added. The Federal Pell Grant program is administered by the United States Department of Education, which determines the student's financial need and through it, the student's Pell eligibility. The U.S. Department of Education uses a standard formula to evaluate financial information reported on the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) for determining the student's Expected Family Contribution (EFC).
The AUSTUDY scheme was an Australian educational assistance scheme that provided financial assistance to eligible students between 16 and 64 years of age. The program commenced on 1 January 1987 and ceased on 30 June 1998.
Tertiary education in Australia is formal education beyond high school in Australia, consisting of both government and private institutions and divided into two sectors; Higher Education and Vocational Education and Training (VET) provided by government-owned TAFEs & private Registered Training Organisations (RTO). Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), the Australian national education policy, classifies tertiary qualification into 10 levels: level 1 to 4 undergraduate certificates; level 5 & 6 undergraduate diploma and advanced diploma; level 6 associate degree; level 7 bachelor degree, level 8 honors bachelor's degree & graduate certificates and graduate diplomas; level 9 for master's degree; level 10 PhD and post doctoral studies. Most universities are government owned and mostly self-regulated. For other institutes there are two national regulators for tertiary education for registration, recognition and quality assurance of both the "provider institutes" as well as the "individual courses" provided by the providers. Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) regulates institutes which provide education from level 5 or above. Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA) regulates institutes which provide education from level 1 to level 6.
The Student Loan Scheme (SLS), introduced in New Zealand in 1992, provides student loans and allowances for course fees, course-related costs and living costs to tertiary students who meet StudyLink’s funding criteria. StudyLink is the public organisation part of the Ministry for Social Development and is responsible for administering student loans and allowances. Eligibility criteria apply, and courses must be approved.
Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom are primarily provided by the government through the Student Loans Company (SLC), an executive non-departmental public body. The SLC is responsible for Student Finance England and Student Finance Wales, and is a delivery partner of Student Finance NI and the Student Awards Agency for Scotland. Most undergraduate university students resident in the United Kingdom are eligible for student loans, and some students on teacher training courses may also apply for loans. Student loans also became available from the 2016/17 academic year to postgraduate students who study a taught Masters, research or Doctoral course.
In the post-secondary education system of the United States, an expected family contribution (EFC) is an estimate of a student's, and for a dependent student, their parent(s)' or guardian(s)', ability to pay the costs of a year of post-secondary education. The EFC is used in the United States student financial aid process to determine an applicant's eligibility for need-based federal student aid. In most cases, the same estimate is also used for state and institutional (college-based) financial aid. The EFC is included on the Student Aid Report and Institutional Student Information Record, which are sent after filing a form called a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).
The Disabled Students Allowance (DSA) is a Government grant in the United Kingdom (UK) available to students in Higher Education, originally established by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES).
Cal Grant is a financial aid program administrated by the California Student Aid Commission (CSAC) providing aid to California undergraduates, vocational training students, and those in teacher certification programs. Cal Grants are the largest source of California state funded student financial aid.
The "Australian Tertiary Admission Rank" (ATAR) all "intrastate" "domestic students", or the ATAR-based "Combined Rank" (CR) for all "interstate" or "International Baccalaureate" (IB) or "overseas-HSC " holder "domestic students", is the primary criteria for determining the "Selection Rank" (SR) for the admission into undergraduate courses in Australian public universities. ATAR & CR are not used for the admission into postgraduate courses. The "Domestic Students" (DS) are the students who are Australian or New Zealand citizen, or Australian permanent residents, or the holder of long-term refugee visa. All others are considered "International Students" (IS). ATAR & CR are not applicable to the international students as they must apply directly to each university separately and their SR is calculated by the university. ATAR is calculated by each state or territory's own state-level "Tertiary Admission Center" (TAC) for all domestic students studying within their geographical limits and it is used for admission within that state or territory where the student obtained HSC. "Combined Rank" (CR) is calculated by "Australasian Conference of Tertiary Admission Centres" (ACTAC) to establish national-level equivalency of ATAR across all states and territories of Australia and New Zealand by using a conversion table. CR is needed for the domestic students who wish to apply interstate, i.e. they obtained the HSC in one state and want to enroll in the university in another state, or those domestic students who did not go to Australian state's school board but instead studied in IB school in Australia or overseas, or the domestic students who completed their HSC or equivalent qualification overseas, or the Australian citizens who apply to universities in New Zealand. CR is also used by the public universities in New Zealand for granting admission to Australian citizens, as Australian citizens are considered domestic students in New Zealand under the reciprocal arrangement. "Interstate Domestic Students" must apply to the TAC of their respective state. "Intrastate Domestic Students" (IntraDS) or "Overseas Domestic Students" (ODS) must apply to the TAC of each of the state they wish to apply to, and TAC will use the ACTAC conversion table to calculate the "Combined Rank". The "Selection Rank" (SR) is calculated by each University separately based on the ATAR or CR as well as the additional points for university's unique criteria such as "a personal statement, a questionnaire, a portfolio of work, an audition, an interview or a test" or leadership and high performance, as well as special considerations such as lack of access to education and other disadvantages e.g. rural, Indigenous Australian or financially suffering applicants. ATAR is, not a mark or the score in the HSC, but a "percentile ranking" between 0.00 and 99.95 which shows the student’s relative position compared to all other students in the range of 16 to 20 years old who have completed their HSC exams in that state in any year. Higher ATAR is better, e.g. ATAR of 80 for a student means that the particular student is ranked in the 20th percentile range and 19% of other ATAR-eligible students are ranked higher than him and 80% of other ATAR-eligible students are ranked below him. ATAR for a specific year, is not based only on the students who passed the HSC within that year. ATAR for a specific year is calculated by including all the domestic students who are between the age of 16 to 20 in that year and have passed the HSC within that state in any year. While calculating the ATAR for a specific year, the following types of students are not given an ATAR rank, the 16-20 years old students who quit studying or did not pass the HSC, or who passed but are below the age of 16, or who passed but are above the age of 20. Due to these exclusions, the average ATAR is 70, without these exclusions the average ATAR would be 50.
Tertiary education in New Zealand is provided by universities, institutes of technology and polytechnics, private training establishments, industry training organisations, and wānanga. It ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and research-based postgraduate degrees. All post-compulsory education is regulated within the New Zealand Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications for schools, vocational education and training, and 'higher' education. The New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) is responsible for quality assuring all courses and tertiary education organisations other than universities. Under the Education Act 1989, The Committee on University Academic Programmes (CUAP) and the Academic Quality Agency (AQA) have delegated authority for quality assurance of university education. The Tertiary Education Commission (TEC) is responsible for administering the funding of tertiary education, primarily through negotiated investment plans with each funded organisation.
Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were reintroduced for full-time resident Students in 1998, as a means of funding tuition to undergraduate and postgraduate certificate students at universities. Since their introduction, the fees have been reformed multiple times by several bills, with the cap on fees notably rising to £9,000 a year for the 2012-13 academic year.
Student loans in South Korea, are student loans provided to South Korea's students that are managed by the Korea Student Aid Foundation (KOSAF) which was established in May 2009. According to the governmental philosophy that Korea's future depends on talent development and no student should quit studying due to financial reasons, they help students grow into talents that serve the nation and society as members of Korea. Through the management of Korea's national scholarship programs, student loan programs, and talent development programs, KOSAF offers customized student aid services and student loan program is one of their major tasks.
Financial issues facing students in the United States include the rising cost of tuition, as well as ancillaries, such as room and board, textbook and coursework costs, personal expenses, and transportation.
References
- ↑ MSD. "EFTS - StudyLink".
- ↑ "2006 Tertiary Education Enrollments". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
- ↑ Page 7. How to get a Student Loan & how to pay one back - Inland Revenue/Studylink joint publication (2005)