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Bloody Sunday, or the Bogside Massacre, was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. Thirteen men were killed outright and the death of another man four months later was attributed to gunshot injuries from the incident. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by shrapnel, rubber bullets, or batons; two were run down by British Army vehicles; and some were beaten. All of those shot were Catholics. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) to protest against internment without trial. The soldiers were from the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, the same battalion implicated in the Ballymurphy massacre several months before.
Derry, officially Londonderry, is the largest city in County Londonderry, the second-largest in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest on the island of Ireland. The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle, which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge. The city now covers both banks.
The Troubles were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted for about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England, and mainland Europe.
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The Battle of the Bogside was a large three-day riot that took place from 12 to 14 August 1969 in Derry, Northern Ireland. Thousands of Catholic/Irish nationalist residents of the Bogside district, organised under the Derry Citizens' Defence Association, clashed with the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and loyalists. It sparked widespread violence elsewhere in Northern Ireland, led to the deployment of British troops, and is often seen as the beginning of the thirty-year conflict known as the Troubles.
The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) (Irish: Cumann Cearta Sibhialta Thuaisceart Éireann) was an organisation that campaigned for civil rights in Northern Ireland during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Formed in Belfast on 9 April 1967, the civil rights campaign attempted to achieve reform by publicising, documenting, and lobbying for an end to discrimination against Catholics in areas such as elections (which were subject to gerrymandering and property requirements), discrimination in employment, in public housing and abuses of the Special Powers Act.
Ivan Averill Cooper was a nationalist politician from Northern Ireland. He was a member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland and a founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). He is best known for leading the civil rights march on 30 January 1972 that developed into the Bloody Sunday massacre.
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The Derry Housing Action Committee (DHAC), was an organisation formed in 1968 in Derry, Northern Ireland to protest about housing conditions and provision.
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Cyril Toman was a political activist in Northern Ireland.
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The city of Derry, Northern Ireland, was severely affected by the Troubles. The conflict is widely considered to have begun in the city, with many regarding the Battle of the Bogside in 1969 as the beginning of the Troubles. The Bloody Sunday incident of 1972 occurred in Derry, in the Bogside area.
Claude Wilton was a politician, solicitor and civil rights campaigner from Northern Ireland.
Colum Eastwood is an Irish nationalist politician who has served as Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) since 2015. He has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Foyle since 2019, served in Northern Ireland Assembly from 2011 to 2019 and served on Derry City Council from 2005 to 2011.
The Northern Ireland civil rights movement dates to the early 1960s, when a number of initiatives emerged in Northern Ireland which challenged the inequality and discrimination against ethnic Irish Catholics that was perpetrated by the Ulster Protestant establishment. The Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) was founded by Conn McCluskey and his wife, Patricia. Conn was a doctor, and Patricia was a social worker who had worked in Glasgow for a period, and who had a background in housing activism. Both were involved in the Homeless Citizens League, an organisation founded after Catholic women occupied disused social housing. The HCL evolved into the CSJ, focusing on lobbying, research and publicising discrimination. The campaign for Derry University was another mid-1960s campaign.
References
- ↑ "Irish Civil Rights". Irish Anti-Partition League. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ↑ Hastings, Max (1970). Barricades in Belfast: the fight for civil rights in Northern Ireland. Taplinger Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8008-0665-1.
- ↑ Stout, Angela Kathryn; Richard Alan Dello Buono; William J. Chambliss (2004). Social problems, law, and society. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-7425-4207-5.
- ↑ McMahon, Seán (1997). A short history of Ireland . Dufour Editions. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8023-1319-5.
- ↑ Bloody Sunday Report (Volume 5, Chapter 86) Archived 3 November 2010 at the UK Government Web Archive Volume 5, Chapter 86.
- ↑ Presentation to Eamonn Melaugh, Annual Northern Ireland regional conference of the Workers Party, Belfast (4 October 2008), youtube.com.
- ↑ Foyle Elections 1983-1992, ark.ac.uk; accessed 30 January 2018.
- ↑ Foyle Elections 1973-83 Eamonn Melaugh Electoral history], electionsireland.org; accessed 30 January 2018.
- ↑ Eamonn Melaugh Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine , eaawsecohumanitarians.org; accessed 30 January 2018.
- ↑ "If the state had treated people equally, none of this would have happened". Spiked. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
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