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The history of Luxembourg consists of the history of the country of Luxembourg and its geographical area.
Liège is the easternmost province of the Wallonia region of Belgium.
The German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II began in May 1940 after the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was invaded by Nazi Germany. Although Luxembourg was officially neutral, it was situated at a strategic point at the end of the French Maginot Line. On 10 May 1940, the German Wehrmacht invaded Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Luxembourg was initially placed under a military administration, but later became a civilly administrated territory and finally was annexed directly into Germany. The Germans believed Luxembourg to be a Germanic state, and attempted to suppress what they perceived as alien French language and cultural influences. Although some Luxembourgers joined the resistance or collaborated with the Germans, both constituted a minority of the population. As German nationals, from 1942, many Luxembourgers were conscripted into the German military. Nearly 3,500 Luxembourgish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. The liberation of the country by the Allies began in September 1944, but due to the Ardennes Offensive it was not completed until early 1945.
The Free Party of Luxembourg, abbreviated as FPL, was a political party in Luxembourg.
Tages-Anzeiger, also abbreviated Tagi or TA, is a Swiss German-language national daily newspaper published in Zurich, Switzerland.
Luxemburger Wort is a German-language Luxembourgish daily newspaper. There is an English edition named the Luxembourg Times.
The Lëtzebuerger Journal is an online magazine in Luxembourg. It was formerly a daily newspaper published six times a week until 1 January 2021. The online magazine is currently managed by Daniel Nepgen, Lynn Warken and Melody Hansen (editor-in-chief).
Calvin Ellis Stowe was an American Biblical scholar who helped spread public education in the United States. Over his career, he was a professor of languages and Biblical and sacred literature at Andover Theological Seminary, Dartmouth College, Lane Theological Seminary, and Bowdoin College. He was the husband and literary agent of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the best-seller Uncle Tom's Cabin.
The Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger (KStA) is a German daily newspaper published in Cologne, and has the largest circulation in the Cologne–Bonn Metropolitan Region. Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger has a base of over 100 contributing editors and a wide network of correspondents for local and regional news reporting.
The Luxembourg Coup of 1856, also called the Putsch of 1856, was a reactionary revision of Luxembourg's constitution on 27 November 1856. Whilst not a true coup d'état or revolution, its detractors dubbed it a 'royal coup', as the reigning Grand Duke of Luxembourg, William III, greatly expanded his powers, and the name has stuck. Aimed at reversing the liberal successes embodied in the 1848 constitution, the major changes enacted by William were undone with the promulgation of a new constitution in 1868, after the Luxembourg Crisis. However, some changes have lasted, such as the creation of the Council of State.
La Clef du cabinet des princes de l'Europe ou recuëil historique & politique sur les matieres du tems was the first newspaper published in Luxembourg. Its first edition appeared on 1 July 1704. It then appeared monthly, without interruption, until July 1794.
Luxemburger Volksblatt was a far-right newspaper published in Luxembourg between 1933 and 1941.
The literature of Luxembourg is little known beyond the country's borders, partly because Luxembourg authors write in one or more of the three official languages, partly because many works are specifically directed to a local readership. Furthermore, it was not until the 19th century that the literature of Luxembourg began to develop in parallel with growing awareness of the country's national identity following the Treaty of Paris (1815) and the Treaty of London (1867).
The Luxembourgish government in exile, also known as the Luxembourgish government in London, was the government in exile of Luxembourg during the Second World War. The government was based in London between 1940 and 1944, while Luxembourg was occupied by Nazi Germany. It was led by Pierre Dupong, and also included three other Ministers. The head of state, Grand Duchess Charlotte, also escaped from Luxembourg after the occupation. The government was bipartite, including two members from both the Party of the Right (PD) and the Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP).
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Nicolas Adames was the first Bishop of Luxembourg.
Beethoven Ring is an annual award by the association "Citizens for Beethoven" of the city of Bonn. Bürger für Beethoven is Bonn’s largest cultural association. Its purpose is to promote Beethoven’s music and preserve his memory in the city of his birth. In a vote, the 1500 members of the "Citizens for Beethoven" determine one out of the five youngest artists at the Beethovenfest Bonn, that have interpreted a work of Beethoven. The official award ceremony takes place within the framework of a concert in the Beethoven-Haus. Other Beethoven Rings were awarded by the Beethoven Society Vienna or the Wiener Musikakademie.
The Revolutionary Socialist Party, abbreviated to RSP, was a far-left party in Luxembourg. At its start, it was a Trotskiyst group active in the late sixties in the General Association of Luxembourgish Students. When the majority of students' group became Maoist and was transformed in the Revolutionary Socialist Left, the Trotskyist minority split and founded the Revolutionary Communist League in September 1970. It published Klassenkampf starting in 1970, and in December 1984 was renamed the Revolutionary Socialist Party and published Sozialistesch Aktioun until 1992.
The Kölnische Rundschau is a regional, independent daily newspaper for the Cologne/Bonn area. It is edited by Cologne Heinen-Verlag, which has its own independent local editorial office. The production of the national section was taken over by the Bonn General-Anzeiger during the first quarter of 2010. In the first quarter of 2018, the joint edition with the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger sold 251,994 copies, a loss of 40% since 1999.
References
- ↑ Romain Hilgert: Les journaux au Luxembourg. 1704-2004 Archived 2009-12-29 at the Wayback Machine , p. 98-99.
- ↑ Hilgert 2004.
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