Eight of Santa Maria Novella

Last updated

The Eight of Santa Maria Novella were a radical group involved in the Ciompi Revolt in Florence in 1378.

Contents

Formation

In 1378, revolt broke out in Florence. After the ciompi (wool carders) had taken the Palace of the Signoria, a new group of priors took control of the city, led by Michele di Lando. Although this leadership did carry out a number of radical reforms including the formation of three new guilds to represent the poorer workers, many of the aristocracy and the wool workers remained dissatisfied, particularly those from south of the Arno. [1] They therefore went to the Palace of the Signoria once again to challenge the new government. The protesters were told to leave and give up their weapons and in return, the priors would legislate to meet their demands. The protesters left but afterwards, they feared that they had been tricked so they gathered in large numbers and selected the Eight of Santa Maria Novella to hold the priors accountable. The Eight were drawn from the lowest tiers of society and set up their base in a Dominican priory. [2]

Actions

The Eight partially took control of the government of Florence and began making the decisions of state. Their power grew as they had a lot of popular support and gained recognition from both the workers and some of the elites. To consolidate their power, the Eight sent a group of messengers to the priors to demand that they recognise their decrees. Whilst some of the priors were willing to do so, Michele di Lando, the standard bearer of justice, refused to do so and attacked the messengers. Street fighting followed and the priors and guildsmen were able to defeat the followers of the Eight. [3]

Aftermath

Having routed the followers of the Eight, the priors disbanded one of the three new guilds that represented the lowest workers and the apprentices. [4] Further, a couple of the priors who were drawn from the lowest tiers of society were removed and replaced. [5] The other new guilds remained in place. However in 1382, aristocratic power was restored in Florence and the power of the new guilds went into decline. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Florence</span> Largest city in Tuscany, Italy

Florence is the capital city of the region of Tuscany in Central Italy. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 360,930 inhabitants in 2023, and 984,991 in its metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici</span> Italian banker

Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici was an Italian banker and founder of the Medici Bank. While other members of the Medici family, such as Chiarissimo di Giambuono de' Medici, who served in the Signoria of Florence in 1401, and Salvestro de' Medici, who was implicated in the Ciompi Revolt of 1378, are of historical interest, it was Giovanni's founding of the family bank that truly initiated the family's rise to power in Florence. He was the father of Cosimo de' Medici and of Lorenzo the Elder; grandfather of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici; great-grandfather of Lorenzo de' Medici ; and the great-great-great-grandfather of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Florence</span> City-state on the Apennine Peninsula between 1115 and 1569

The Republic of Florence, known officially as the Florentine Republic, was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy. The republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere, who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giovanni Villani</span> Italian banker, diplomat, and chronicler

Giovanni Villani was an Italian banker, official, diplomat and chronicler from Florence who wrote the Nuova Cronica on the history of Florence. He was a leading statesman of Florence but later gained an unsavoury reputation and served time in prison as a result of the bankruptcy of a trading and banking company he worked for. His interest in and elaboration of economic details, statistical information, and political and psychological insight mark him as a more modern chronicler of late medieval Europe. His Cronica is viewed as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history. However, historian Kenneth R. Bartlett notes that, in contrast to his Renaissance-era successors, "his reliance on such elements as divine providence links Villani closely with the medieval vernacular chronicle tradition." In recurring themes made implicit through significant events described in his Cronica, Villani also emphasized three assumptions about the relationship of sin and morality to historical events, these being that excess brings disaster, that forces of right and wrong are in constant struggle, and that events are directly influenced by the will of God.

The Ciompi Revolt was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in the Republic of Florence, from 1378 to 1382. Those who revolted consisted of artisans, labourers, and craftsmen who did not belong to any guilds and were therefore unable to participate in the Florentine government. These labourers had grown increasingly resentful over the established patrician oligarchy. In addition, they were expected to pay heavy taxes which they could not afford, forcing some to abandon their homes. The resulting insurrection over such tensions led to the creation of a government composed of wool workers and other disenfranchised workers which lasted for three and a half years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Popular revolts in late medieval Europe</span>

Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by peasants in the countryside, or the burgess in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals between 1300 and 1500, part of a larger "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages". Although sometimes known as Peasant Revolts, the phenomenon of popular uprisings was of broad scope and not just restricted to peasants. In Central Europe and the Balkan region, these rebellions expressed, and helped cause, a political and social disunity paving the way for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.

Classical republicanism, also known as civic republicanism or civic humanism, is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero. Classical republicanism is built around concepts such as liberty as non-domination, self-government, rule of law, property-based personality, anti-corruption, abolition of monarchy, civics, civil society, common good, civic virtue, popular sovereignty, patriotism and mixed government.

Franco Sacchetti, was an Italian poet and novelist.

The War of the Eight Saints (1375–1378) was a war between Pope Gregory XI and a coalition of Italian city-states led by Florence that contributed to the end of the Avignon Papacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albizzi</span>

The Albizzi family was a Florentine family originally based in Arezzo, who were rivals of the Medici and Alberti families. They were at the centre of Florentine oligarchy from 1382, in the reaction that followed the Ciompi revolt, to the rise of the Medici in 1434. They were active members of the Arte della Lana, Florence's wool guild. The Guilds played a central role in the governance of the Republic of Florence during the medieval period and guild members constituted Florence's political and economic oligarchy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salvestro de' Medici</span>

Salvestro di Alamanno de' Medici was a former Gonfaloniere and Provost of the city of Florence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Florence</span> Aspect of Italian history

Florence weathered the decline of the Western Roman Empire to emerge as a financial hub of Europe, home to several banks including that of the politically powerful Medici family. The city's wealth supported the development of art during the Italian Renaissance, and tourism attracted by its rich history continues today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santo Spirito, Florence</span> Church in Florence, Italy

The Basilica di Santo Spirito is a church in Florence, Italy. Usually referred to simply as Santo Spirito, it is located in the Oltrarno quarter, facing the square with the same name. The interior of the building – internal length 97 m (318 ft) – is one of the preeminent examples of Renaissance architecture.

<i>Nuova Cronica</i> 14th-century historical record of Florence, Italy; written by Giovanni Villani

The Nuova Cronica or New Chronicles is a 14th-century history of Florence created in a year-by-year linear format and written by the Italian banker and official Giovanni Villani. The idea came to him after attending the first Jubilee in the city of Rome, in 1300, where he realized that Rome's many historical achievements were well-known, and he desired to lay out a history of the origins of his own city of Florence. In his Cronica, Villani described in detail the many building projects of the city, statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce and trade, education, and religious facilities. He also described several disasters such as famines, floods, fires, and the pandemic of the Black Death in 1348, which would take his own life. Villani's work on the Nuova Cronica was continued by his brother Matteo and his nephew Filippo after his death. It has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.

<i>Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood</i> Fresco by Paolo Uccello

The Funerary Monumentto SirJohn Hawkwood is a fresco by Paolo Uccello, commemorating English condottiero John Hawkwood, commissioned in 1436 for Florence Cathedral. The fresco is an important example of art commemorating a soldier-for-hire who fought in the Italian peninsula and is a seminal work in the development of perspective.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guilds of Florence</span>

The guilds of Florence were secular corporations that controlled the arts and trades in Florence from the twelfth into the sixteenth century. These Arti included seven major guilds, five middle guilds and nine minor guilds. Their rigorous quality control and the political role in the commune that the Arti Maggiori assumed were formative influences in the history of Florence, which became one of the richest cities of late Medieval Europe.

Michele di Lando was the first leader of the Ciompi Revolt in Florence that started in 1378.

<i>Marzocco</i> Heraldic lion and symbol of Florence

The Marzocco is the heraldic lion that is a symbol of Florence, and was apparently the first piece of public secular sculpture commissioned by the Republic of Florence, in the late 14th century. The lion stood at the heart of the city in the Piazza della Signoria at the end of the platform attached to the Palazzo Vecchio called the ringhiera, from which speakers traditionally harangued the crowd. This is now lost, having weathered with time to an unrecognizable mass of stone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregorio Dati</span>

Gregorio (Goro) Dati was a Florentine merchant and diarist best known for the authorship of The Diaries of Gregorio Dati, which represents a major source for social and economic historians of Renaissance Florence, alongside the diaries of Buonaccorso Pitti. He kept a detailed diary outlining his business dealings as well as personal information about the births and deaths of his four successive wives and his 26 children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palazzo degli Alessandri</span> Building in Borgo degli Albizi number , Florence

The Palazzo degli Alessandri is an early-Renaissance-style palace located on Borgo degli Albizi number 15 in Florence, Region of Tuscany, Italy. The Alessandri family derived from a branch of the Albizzi family; documents for the foundation of this branch date from 1372.

References

  1. S. K. Cohn, Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 202-3
  2. L. Bruni History of the Florentine people, J. Hankins & D. J. W. Bradley (trans & eds), (USA, 2007), p. 11
  3. L. Bruni History of the Florentine people, J. Hankins & D. J. W. Bradley (trans & eds), (USA, 2007), pp. 11, 13, 15
  4. S. K. Cohn, Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe (Manchester, 2004), p. 203
  5. L. Bruni History of the Florentine people, J. Hankins & D. J. W. Bradley (trans & eds), (USA, 2007), p. 15
  6. S. K. Cohn, Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe (Manchester, 2004), p. 203