| El Grillo | |
|---|---|
| Frottola | |
| English | The Cricket |
| Written | c. 1490s |
| Language | Italian |
| Published | 1505 |
| Scoring | Four voices |
El Grillo (The Cricket) is a frottola attributed to "Iosquin Dascanio," who is almost certainly not to be identified with Josquin des Prez.
The sole surviving sources of [1] El Grillo are the Frottole libro tertio published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1505 and its 1507 reprint. The piece received considerably little attention from modern musicologists until 1931, when it was included in Geschichte der Musik in Beispielen by Arnold Schering. [2] .
The song is scored for four voices. [3] Written from a third-person perspective, [4] El Grillo concerns the cricket. [5] The opening section is about the cricket's lengthy song, while the second one compares crickets and songbirds. The song concludes by suggesting that crickets may be better singers than songbirds, particularly because they sing all the time. [5] At the hottest part of the day, when even the birds are silent, only the cricket continues to sing, for love. And this makes him the better singer, for in matters of love, perseverance is worth more than fancy talking. [6]
The song contains both homophony and onomatopoeia, [7] with its rhythm mimicking a cricket's mannerisms. [8] Notice that in popular Italian, the word "grillo" has a second meaning: the male sexual organ in erection. [6] Since the cigala's—those big crickets that live in trees—seem to be referred to (see below for further details), it will be easy to also imagine the more "piquant" meaning of the song.
Uncharacteristically for a frottola, the ripresa of the poetic lines mostly have seven syllables, whereas the piedi and volta have eight. [9]
Willem Elders calls El Grillo "one of the most brilliant songs of the late fifteenth century", [10] while Richard Sherr describes it as a "delightful jokey little piece." [11] Henry Vyverberg writes that it "represents the frottola at its most attractive." [12] . The work's modern fame must owe in part to its attribution to Josquin, which is now thought to be erroneous.
The following text is from the original Petrucci edition.
| Renaissance Italian (original) | Modern Italian translation | English translation |
|---|---|---|
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The lyrics notably refer to the cricket as a "bird," while it is actually an insect. This can be explained by different factors, including the poetic liberty of the artist, emphasizing the melodious and captivating nature of the cricket, or limitations of the time, such as a lack of scientific knowledge or a colloquial understanding in which the word "bird" was used more broadly to describe creatures that sang or produced musical sounds, such as crickets.
According to Hund a different explanation is possible: the poet probably had in mind these big, noisy crickets, the cigalas, which live in the Mediterranean regions. Like birds they house in trees, but contrary to them don't move an inch all day (sta pur saldo). They 'sing' on and on to allure a female to mate. The joyous ternary rhythm of this section symbolises the contrast between the cricket's monotonous scraping and the melodious birdsong. [13]