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Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno was a Panamanian politician, military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He never actually served as president of Panama, instead ruling as an unelected military dictator through puppet presidents. Amassing a personal fortune through drug trafficking operations by the Panamanian military, Noriega had longstanding ties with American intelligence agencies before the U.S. invasion of Panama removed him from power.
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The 1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt was a failed coup d'état which occurred in Panama City on 3 October. The attempt was led by Major Moisés Giroldi, supported by a group of officers who had returned from a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia. Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, the coup was quickly suppressed. Giroldi, together with nine other members of the Panamanian Defense Forces, was executed on 3 and 4 October 1989. An eleventh participant died in prison after being tortured. These events became known as the "Albrook massacre".
References
- ↑ Panama profile - Media
- ↑ Pérez, Gilberto (16 September 2010). "Récord de El Siglo: vende 66,618 diarios en un día" [Record of the "El Siglo": 66,618 newspapers sells in one day] (in Spanish). El Siglo Digital. Archived from the original on 2010-09-21.
- ↑ "Prize Offered for Noriega Exposes". Los Angeles Times. Reuters. September 16, 1990. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ↑ "Another jail sentence for Singares". The Committee to Protect Journalists. August 3, 2000. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ↑ "Panama". The Committee to Protect Journalists. 2000. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
- ↑ "Bad News: Panama Determined to Squelch Press Freedom". The Houston Chronicle. August 9, 2000. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
