Enrique Collazo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | Enrique Collazo y Tejada |
| Born | May 28, 1848 Santiago de Cuba, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire |
| Died | March 13, 1925 Havana, Cuba |
| Allegiance |  Republic of Cuba |
| Service/ | Cuban Liberation Army |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | |
Enrique Collazo (May 28, 1848 - March 13, 1925) [1] was a Cuban-born writer, former army general, and distinguished veteran of the Ten Years' War and War of Independence. [2]
Enrique Collazo y Tejada was born in Santiago de Cuba on May 28, 1848. [3] His brother was Tomás Collazo Tejada. [4]
During his early years, Collazo lived in Spain and attended the Academia de Artilleria of Segovia, a Spanish military academy from which he graduated in 1866. [5]
He left Spain in 1869 to join the Cuban uprising which became the first war of independence, the Ten Years' War. [6] Collazo was a troop commander in the Cuban Liberation Army. [7] He became Máximo Gómez's adjutant and reached the rank of colonel.
Enrique Collazo was a member of the third Revolutionary Cuban Junta. Collazo, along with José Martí and General Máximo Gómez, signed the orders to commence the revolution. General Collazo led insurgent forces in the 1895 War of Independence. [8]
In 1898, he was appointed a brigadier general of the Mayarí brigade in the Cuban Liberation Army. [9]
Collazo was a member of the staff of the late General Calixto García and his trusted aide. [10] Preceding the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he escorted U.S. Army lieutenant Andrew S. Rowan on his mission to Cuba to deliver a message to General García. Collazo also accompanied him on his return to the U.S. [11]
Collazo was elected in 1909 to represent the Havana district in the Cuban House of Representatives, where he served until 1911. [12]
Enrique Collazo y Tejada died in Havana, Cuba on March 13, 1925. [13]
José Julián Martí Pérez was a Cuban nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in the liberation of his country from Spain. He was also an important figure in Latin American literature. He was very politically active and is considered an important philosopher and political theorist. Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid for independence from the Spanish Empire in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence". From adolescence on, he dedicated his life to the promotion of liberty, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt.
The Ten Years' War, also known as the Great War and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.
Lt. General José Antonio de la Caridad Maceo y Grajales was a Cuban general and second-in-command of the Cuban Army of Independence.
Máximo Gómez y Báez was a Cuban-Dominican Generalissimo in Cuba's War of Independence (1895–1898). He was known for his controversial scorched-earth policy, which entailed dynamiting passenger trains and torching the Spanish loyalists' property and sugar plantations—including many owned by Americans. He greatly increased the efficacy of the attacks by torturing and killing not only Spanish soldiers, but also Spanish sympathizers and especially Cubans loyal to Spain. By the time the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898, the rebellion was virtually defeated in most of Western Cuba, with only a few operating pockets in the center and the east. He refused to join forces with the Spanish in fighting off the United States, and he retired to the Quinta de los Molinos, a luxury villa outside of Havana after the war's end formerly used by captains generals as summer residence.
General Juan Rius Rivera, was the soldier and revolutionary leader from Puerto Rico to have reached the highest military rank in the Cuban Liberation Army and to hold Cuban ministerial offices after independence. In his later year, he also became a successful businessperson in Honduras.
The Cuban War of Independence, also known in Cuba as The Necessary War, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians.
The chronology of the colonial time of Cuba is about the Spanish colonial period in Cuba, and the efforts to obtain independence from the Spanish Empire and includes history from the "discovery" of the island by Christopher Columbus to the Spanish–American War.
Guillermo Collazo Tejada was a Cuban painter and advocate for independence.
José Quintín Bandera Betancourt was a military leader of the Cuban insurrection against the Spanish during the Cuban War of Independence. In 1906, Bandera, led an army of insurgents toward Havana, and was killed near Punta Brava, a village close to Havana.
Pedro Betancourt Dávalos (1858–1933) was a medical doctor, major general, diplomat, Secretary of Agriculture, politician, and Cuban revolutionary in the Cuban War of Independence.
The Invasion from East to West took place on the island of Cuba, and began on October 22, 1895, in Mangos de Baraguá, in the former province of Oriente. It was organized and directed by Antonio Maceo Grajales and Máximo Gómez. The Liberation Army, guided by the firmness of taking the fight against Spanish colonialism to all corners of Cuba, starred in one of the most relevant events in Cuban history. In the midst of the "Cuban War of Independence", inspired by José Martí, that campaign responded to the old desire of the insurgent generals Maceo and Gómez. These launched the strategy of limiting the liberation struggle to the eastern territory of the Island, but rather extending it throughout the entire Cuban territory to force Spain to fight simultaneously in the six provinces that the country had at that time, in order to weaken it on all fronts.
Julio Sanguily Garritte (1845–1906) was a Cuban independence activist and insurgent who took prominent roles in the rebel army during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Cuban War of Independence(1895–1898).
The Battle of Mal Tiempo was a battle of the Cuban War of Independence that took place on December 15, 1895, a few kilometers away from Cruces, Cienfuegos Province. In the battle, Mambises and Spanish forces faced each other, the former being victorious. This victory was considered one of the most important of the Invasion from East to West in Cuba, due to the political, military and economic consequences in favor of the independence activists.
The Battle of Coliseo was a group of military actions carried out in the surroundings of the town of the same name, Matanzas Province, Cuba on December 23, 1895 during the Cuban War of Independence.
The Battle of San Pedro was a battle of the Cuban War of Independence that took place on December 7, 1896 within the vicinity of the farm of the same name. The battle occurred near the town of Punta Brava on the outskirts of Marianao, La Habana Province.
Francisco Carrillo Morales (1851–1926) was a Cuban politician and general who participated in all three wars of Cuban Independence. He commanded the 4th Army Corps during the Cuban War of Independence as a Major General. He was also known as the 6th Vice President of Cuba from May 20, 1921, to May 20, 1925, as well as a governor of several Cuban provinces.
The Cuban Liberation Army, colloquially known as the Mambí Army was an insurgent army which was formed in the last third of the 19th century and fought for independence from Spain and the abolition of slavery. It first saw combat in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) under the command of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Ignacio Agramonte, and Carlos Roloff. The independentists were decentralized and operated within their own regions autonomously of each other, until the Assembly of Guáimaro established the Republic-in-Arms of Cuba and the Liberation Army's command structure. After the Pact of Zanjón, a brief uprising called the Little War saw Major-Generals Calixto García and Antonio Maceo lead the Army of Liberation in another attempt at independence and the abolition of slavery, though unsuccessfully. Finally, during the War of Independence, the Liberation Army was once again organized to fight against the Spanish colonial government. The Liberation Army would reach its highest count of active members in the Spanish-American War, when an imminent Cuban-American victory caused hitherto anti-independence elites to join the Liberation Army. These recruits were nicknamed "Sunflowers" because they "point to where the sun is shining".
Rosendo Collazo was a former Cuban-born senator, retired army colonel, and veteran of the Cuban War of Independence.
Alfredo Rego was a Cuban general and veteran of the Cuban War of Independence.
Salvador Cisneros y Betancourt was a Cuban revolutionary and statesmen, who was the only Cuban to become the president of the Republic of Cuba twice.