Enrique Collazo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Birth name | Enrique Collazo y Tejada |
| Born | May 28, 1848 Santiago de Cuba, Captaincy General of Cuba, Spanish Empire |
| Died | March 13, 1925 Havana, Cuba |
| Allegiance |  Republic of Cuba |
| Service | Cuban Liberation Army |
| Rank | General |
| Battles / wars | |
| Relations | Tomás Collazo Tejada Guillermo Collazo Tejada |
Enrique Collazo Tejada (May 28, 1848 - March 13, 1925) [1] was a Cuban writer, army general, and distinguished veteran of the Ten Years' War and War of Independence. [2]
Enrique Collazo y Tejada was born in Santiago de Cuba on May 28, 1848. [3] He was the elder brother of Guillermo Collazo Tejada and Tomás Collazo Tejada. [4]
During his early years, Collazo lived in Spain and attended the Academia de Artilleria of Segovia, a Spanish military academy from which he graduated in 1866. [5]
He left Spain in 1869 to join the Cuban uprising which became the first war of independence, the Ten Years' War. [6] Collazo was a troop commander in the Cuban Liberation Army. [7] He became Gen. Máximo Gómez's adjutant and reached the rank of colonel.
In 1893, Collazo wrote and published Desde Yara basta el Zanjón. Aputanciones históricas (English: From Yara to Zanjón: Historical notes) in Havana. [8]
Col. Enrique Collazo was a member of the third Revolutionary Cuban Junta. Collazo, along with José Martí and Gen. Máximo Gómez, signed the orders to commence the revolution. General Collazo led insurgent forces in the 1895 War of Independence. [9]
In 1898, he was appointed a brigadier general of the Mayarí brigade in the Cuban Liberation Army. [10]
Collazo was a member of the staff of the late Gen. Calixto García and his trusted aide. [11] Preceding the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, he escorted U.S. Army lieutenant Andrew S. Rowan on his mission to Cuba to deliver a message to General García. Collazo also accompanied him on his return to the U.S. [12]
In 1905, he published Los Americanos en Cuba (English: The Americans in Cuba), analyzing U.S. intervention in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. [13]
Collazo was elected in 1909 to represent the Havana district in the Cuban House of Representatives, where he served until 1911. [14]
He published Cuba Heroica (English: Heroic Cuba) in 1912.
Enrique Collazo y Tejada died in Havana, Cuba on March 13, 1925. [15]
The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Native American cultures prior to the arrival of the explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After his arrival, Spain conquered Cuba and appointed Spanish governors to rule in Havana. The administrators in Cuba were subject to the Viceroy of New Spain and the local authorities in Hispaniola. In 1762–63, Havana was briefly occupied by Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A series of rebellions between 1868 and 1898, led by General Máximo Gómez, failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of 49,000 Cuban guerrillas and 126,000 Spanish soldiers. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three and a half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902.
José Julián Martí Pérez was a Cuban nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in the liberation of his country from Spain. He was also an important figure in Latin American literature. He was very politically active and is considered an important philosopher and political theorist. Through his writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid for independence from the Spanish Empire in the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Cuban Independence". From adolescence on, he dedicated his life to the promotion of liberty, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as a cry for Cuban independence from Spain by both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans previously reluctant to start a revolt.
The Ten Years' War, also known as the Great War and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On 10 October 1868, sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United States involvement, leading to the Spanish–American War.
Lt. General José Antonio de la Caridad Maceo y Grajales was a Cuban general and second-in-command of the Cuban Army of Independence.
Máximo Gómez y Báez was a Cuban-Dominican Generalissimo in Cuba's War of Independence (1895–1898). He was known for his controversial scorched-earth policy, which entailed dynamiting passenger trains and torching the Spanish loyalists' property and sugar plantations—including many owned by Americans. He greatly increased the efficacy of the attacks by torturing and killing not only Spanish soldiers, but also Spanish sympathizers and especially Cubans loyal to Spain. By the time the Spanish–American War broke out in April 1898, the rebellion was virtually defeated in most of Western Cuba, with only a few operating pockets in the center and the east. He refused to join forces with the Spanish in fighting off the United States, and he retired to the Quinta de los Molinos, a luxury villa outside of Havana after the war's end formerly used by captains generals as summer residence.
General Juan Rius Rivera, was the soldier and revolutionary leader from Puerto Rico to have reached the highest military rank in the Cuban Liberation Army and to hold Cuban ministerial offices after independence. In his later year, he also became a successful businessperson in Honduras.
The Cuban War of Independence, also known in Cuba as the Necessary War, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians.
The chronology of the colonial time of Cuba is about the Spanish colonial period in Cuba, and the efforts to obtain independence from the Spanish Empire and includes history from the "discovery" of the island by Christopher Columbus to the Spanish–American War.
The military history of Cuba is an aspect of the history of Cuba that spans several hundred years and encompasses the armed actions of Spanish Cuba while it was part of the Spanish Empire and the succeeding Cuban republics.
Guillermo Collazo Tejada was a Cuban painter and advocate for independence.
Modesto Díaz was a Dominican Major General of the Cuban Liberation Army. He was a member of the Spanish Army in his country of origin during the Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865). He settled in Cuba and was reinstated to active service after the Carlos Manuel de Céspedes uprising. At the suggestion of Luis Marcano, he went to the side of the Cubans, and conducted several victorious battles against the Spanish during the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).
Francisco Carrillo Morales (1851–1926) was a Cuban politician and general who participated in all three wars of Cuban Independence. He commanded the 4th Army Corps during the Cuban War of Independence as a Major General. He was also known as the 6th Vice President of Cuba from May 20, 1921, to May 20, 1925, as well as a governor of several Cuban provinces.
Rosendo Collazo was a Cuban senator, army colonel, and veteran of the Cuban War of Independence.
Julio Grave de Peralta y Zayas was a Cuban army general who was killed in combat during the Ten Years' War.
Salvador Cisneros y Betancourt was a Cuban revolutionary and statesman, who was the only Cuban to become the president of the Republic of Cuba twice.
Manuel de Quesada y Loynaz was a Cuban revolutionary and the first General-in-Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army who fought against Spain in the Ten Years' War.
Tomás Collazo Tejada was a Cuban statesman, mambí Colonel, and veteran of the Cuban War of Independence.
Donato Mármol was a Cuban revolutionary and general who played a key role in the Ten Years' War in Cuba.
Belisario Grave de Peralta y Zayas was a Cuban army general during Cuba's Ten Years' War.
Braulio Peña was a Cuban military officer and a former chief of the Cuban Rural Guard of Puerto Príncipe.