Erika Nordby

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Erika Nordby (born February 2000), also known as Baby Erika, Miracle Baby and Canada's Miracle Child, is a Canadian originally from Edmonton, Alberta known for having been revived after spending two hours without a heartbeat due to hypothermia. Nordby, then a 13-month-old toddler, had left her heated house nearly naked, while the air temperature was −24 °C (−11 °F).

Contents

Freezing

Erika and her mother, 26-year-old Leyla Nordby, were spending the night of 22/23 February 2001 at a friend's home in Edmonton. [1] Leyla and an unnamed friend had been out earlier in the night, leaving a relative of the friend to babysit. When the two returned to the home, the babysitter left through the back door, which had a broken latch. [2] In the early hours of the morning, 13-month-old Erika left the house alone wearing only a diaper. [3] The temperature outside was approximately −24 °C (−11 °F). [4] As the girl customarily had a bottle around 2 am, her mother became concerned when she awoke at 3 am and Erika was not beside her in bed. Leyla found her in a snowbank shortly thereafter by following footprints leading away from the back door. [2] She brought Erika inside and called an ambulance, and attempted CPR and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, but was unsuccessful. Paramedics were unable to intubate at the scene due to Erika's condition. [2] Erika was taken to Stollery Children's Health Centre. Leyla was detained by police for five hours on suspicion of child neglect, after which she went to the hospital. [2]

Upon her arrival at Stollery, Erika was considered to be clinically dead: she had been without a pulse for approximately two hours. [2] [3] She had no vital signs and had a core body temperature of about 16 °C (61 °F). This compares to a normal body temperature of 37 °C (99 °F); [4] the lowest survived human body temperature resulting from accidental (not medically controlled) hypothermia was 13.7 °C (56.7 °F). [5]

Erika's heart resumed beating after she was placed under a warming blanket. [4] Doctors suggested the cold had placed her into a hibernation-like state, protecting her body from serious damage. [4] There were initially suggestions that parts of her hands or feet might need to be amputated because of damage from frostbite, [3] but this was later considered unnecessary. [4] Erika required skin grafts on her foot and physiotherapy to enable her to walk again. [6]

Aftermath

Erika was released from hospital after six weeks. [2] She became known as a "miracle baby" and was featured in media worldwide. [1] She suffered no permanent damage except for scarring and slight deformation of her left foot, initially requiring specialized footwear. [4] Over C$5500 was raised from donors to pay for her medical expenses and education, and she was also sent toys and hundreds of cards and letters. [7]

Although Leyla was never formally charged, she became a subject of intense media scrutiny because of her aboriginal ethnicity and her social circumstances. [1] She and her family, including Erika, moved away from Edmonton to avoid the media attention, [4] though she accepted interview requests on the one-year and ten-year anniversaries of the event. [8]

A civil suit was filed on Erika's behalf against the landlord and tenants of the building that she had been staying in the night she was frozen. The suit sought C$101,000 in damages and compensation because the defendants were aware of but failed to correct the faulty latch on the door that Erika had used. The province of Alberta also sued these defendants, seeking compensation for the costs of Erika's health care. [6]

Legacy

Erika's story was recounted in the song "Erika Nordby (Canada's Miracle Child)" by Canadian artist Stompin' Tom Connors, released on his album Stompin' Tom Sings Canadian History ; [9] the song described how Erika "captured the world with her smile". [10] The incident was also discussed in a government report about "mothering under duress", which called Erika a "legend". [1] She was the subject of an episode of Life's Little Miracles , a TV show on Discovery Health Channel, [11] and was mentioned in an episode of Nova on PBS titled "Making Stuff Colder". [12]

Erika's experience was mentioned as one indication of the medical relevance of a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center study on "anoxia-induced suspended animation" in zebrafish. [13] [14]

Related Research Articles

Clinical death is the medical term for cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two criteria necessary to sustain the lives of human beings and of many other organisms. It occurs when the heart stops beating in a regular rhythm, a condition called cardiac arrest. The term is also sometimes used in resuscitation research.

Hypothermia Human body core temperature below 35.0 °C

Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia, there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia, shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe hypothermia, there may be paradoxical undressing, in which a person removes their clothing, as well as an increased risk of the heart stopping.

Stompin Tom Connors Musical artist

Charles Thomas "Stompin' Tom" Connors, OC was a Canadian country and folk singer-songwriter. Focusing his career exclusively on his native Canada, he is credited with writing more than 300 songs and has released four dozen albums, with total sales of nearly four million copies.

Suspended animation Slowing or stopping of life without death

Suspended animation is the temporary slowing or stopping of biological function so that physiological capabilities are preserved. It may be either hypometabolic or ametabolic in nature. It may be induced by either endogenous, natural or artificial biological, chemical or physical means. In its natural form it may be spontaneously reversible as in the case of species demonstrating hypometabolic states of hibernation or require technologically mediated revival when applied with therapeutic intent in the medical setting as in the case of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA).

Stephanie Keene, better known by the pseudonym Baby K, was an anencephalic baby who became the center of a major American court case and a debate among bioethicists.

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Saint John's School of Alberta (SJSA) was a small private boys' boarding school in Stony Plain, Alberta, Canada which operated from 1967 to 2008, the last of three such schools founded on conservative Anglican ideas and the notion that children were not challenged by present-day society. It closed in June 2008. Ted Byfield was one of the school's founders.

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Josephine Hutchinson was an American actress. She acted in several theater plays and films.

Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is a surgical technique that induces deep medical hypothermia. It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour. It is used when blood circulation to the brain must be stopped because of delicate surgery within the brain, or because of surgery on large blood vessels that lead to or from the brain. DHCA is used to provide a better visual field during surgery due to the cessation of blood flow. DHCA is a form of carefully managed clinical death in which heartbeat and all brain activity cease.

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David Metcalfe is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Emmerdale, played by Matthew Wolfenden.

Targeted temperature management (TTM) previously known as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia is an active treatment that tries to achieve and maintain a specific body temperature in a person for a specific duration of time in an effort to improve health outcomes during recovery after a period of stopped blood flow to the brain. This is done in an attempt to reduce the risk of tissue injury following lack of blood flow. Periods of poor blood flow may be due to cardiac arrest or the blockage of an artery by a clot as in the case of a stroke.

Stollery Childrens Hospital Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Greaves, Lorraine; Varcoe, Colleen; Poole, Nancy; Morrow, Marina; Johnson, Joy; Pederson, Ann; Irwin, Lori (October 2002). A motherhood issue: discourses on mothering under duress (PDF). Status of Women Canada. pp. 13–14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Saskatchewan tragedy strikes painful chord for city mom". Edmonton Journal. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 "Update on the toddler who survived sub-zero temperatures". CBS. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Warick, Jason (23 February 2002). "'Miracle child' bears few scars one year after brush with death". Edmonton Journal. p. A3.
  5. ↑ Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A, Nilsen P, Solbo J (2000). "Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7 °C with circulatory arrest". The Lancet . 355 (9201): 375–376. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)01021-7. PMID   10665559.
  6. 1 2 Howell, David (25 February 2003). "'Miracle baby' Erika Nordby files suit against landlords". Edmonton Journal. p. B3.
  7. ↑ Mahoney, Jill (17 March 2001). "Baby Erika 'doing great', mother says". The Globe and Mail. p. A3.
  8. ↑ "Erika Nordby: Life after a miracle". CTV. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  9. ↑ North, Peter (21 July 2001). "Stompin' Tom still puts on a kickin' show". Edmonton Journal. p. C1.
  10. ↑ Connors, Stompin' Tom (2001). "Erika Nordby (Canada's Miracle Child)". Stompin' Tom Sings Canadian History.
  11. ↑ "Baby Erika's story relived for TV". Calgary Herald. 12 May 2002. p. A4.
  12. ↑ "Making Stuff Colder, originally aired October 30, 2013". 30 October 2013.
  13. ↑ Boswell, Randy (15 June 2010). "How the 'Miracle Child' survived". Ottawa Citizen. p. A4.
  14. ↑ "Hutchinson Center Researchers First to Induce State of Suspended Animation in Model Vertebrate Organism". Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. 11 June 2001. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
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