 | |
| Type | Daily |
|---|---|
| Founder(s) | Jacob Cohen |
| Founded | 1 November 1904 |
| Political alignment | Zionist |
| Language | Judeo-Arabic |
| Ceased publication | 14 May 1940 |
| Headquarters | 51, avenue de Paris, Tunis 36°48′12.1″N10°10′50.5″E / 36.803361°N 10.180694°E [1] |
Es-Sabah ('The Morning') was a Judeo-Arabic daily newspaper, printed in the Hebrew alphabet, published from Tunis, Tunisia. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Es-Sabah was founded and directed by Jacob Cohen. The first issue came out on 1 November 1904. It was the most popular Jewish newspaper in the country at one point. The issues contained between four and sixteen pages. Politically, it served as an organ for philanthropic Zionism. [4]
Es-Sabah carried the byline Es-Sabah, seul quotidien israélite du Nord-Africain, le plus fort tirage des journaux israélites de Tunisie ("Es-Sabah, the only Jewish daily in North Africa, with the highest circulation of the Jewish papers in Tunisia"). [4]
By the 1930s Es-Sabah was the last remaining Judeo-Arabic newspaper in the country. At the turn of the century, however, Tunisia had hosted a vivid Judeo-Arabic press. [3] As of 1937 Simon Cohen was the director of Es-Sabah. [1] Es-Sabah, along with other Jewish publications in Tunisia, was suppressed by the Vichy regime in October 1940. [2] The last issue of Es-Sabah was published on 14 May 1940. [4]
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a part of the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. It features the archaeological sites of Carthage dating back to the 9th century BC, as well as the Great Mosque of Kairouan. Known for its ancient architecture, souks, and blue coasts, it covers 163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi), and has a population of 12.1 million. It contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert; much of its remaining territory is arable land. Its 1,300 km (810 mi) of coastline includes the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunisia is home to Africa's northernmost point, Cape Angela. Located on the northeastern coast, Tunis is the capital and largest city in the country. Tunisia is named after Tunis.
Judeo-Arabic dialects are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arabic-speaking world. Under the ISO 639 international standard for language codes, Judeo-Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage under the code jrb, encompassing four languages: Judeo-Moroccan Arabic (aju), Judeo-Yemeni Arabic (jye), Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (yhd), and Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic (yud).
Tunisian Arabic, or simply Tunisian,, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It is known among its 12 million speakers as Tūnsi, "Tunisian" or Derja to distinguish it from Modern Standard Arabic, the official language of Tunisia. Tunisian Arabic is mostly similar to eastern Algerian Arabic and western Libyan Arabic.
The history of the Jews in Tunisia extends nearly two thousand years to the Punic era. The Jewish community in Tunisia is no doubt older and grew up following successive waves of immigration and proselytism before its development was hampered by anti-Jewish measures in the Byzantine Empire. The community formerly used its own dialect of Arabic. After the Muslim conquest of Tunisia, Tunisian Judaism went through periods of relative freedom or even cultural apogee to times of more marked discrimination. The arrival of Jews expelled from the Iberian peninsula, often through Livorno, greatly altered the country. Its economic, social and cultural situation has improved markedly with the advent of the French protectorate before being compromised during the Second World War, with the occupation of the country by the Axis. The creation of Israel in 1948 provoked a widespread anti-Zionist reaction in the Arab world, to which was added nationalist agitation, nationalization of enterprises, Arabization of education and part of the administration. Jews left Tunisia en masse from the 1950s onwards because of the problems raised and the hostile climate created by the Bizerte crisis in 1961 and the Six-Day War in 1967. The Jewish population of Tunisia, estimated at about 105,000 individuals in 1948, numbered around 1,000 individuals as of 2019. These Jews lived mainly in Tunis, with communities present in Djerba.
Moroccan Jews constitute an ancient community. Before the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, there were about 265,000 Jews in the country, which gave Morocco the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world, but by 2017 only 2,000 or so remain. Jews in Morocco, originally speakers of Berber languages, Judeo-Moroccan Arabic or Judaeo-Spanish, were the first in the country to adopt the French language in the mid-19th century, and unlike the Muslim population French remains the main language of members of the Jewish community there.
Ahmad II ibn Ali, commonly known as Ahmed Bey, was the ruler of Tunisia from 11 February 1929 until his death. He was the son of Ali Muddat ibn al-Husayn.
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic is the variety or the varieties of the Moroccan vernacular Arabic spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Morocco. Historically, the majority of Moroccan Jews spoke Moroccan vernacular Arabic, or Darija, as their first language, even in Amazigh areas, which was facilitated by their literacy in Hebrew script. The Darija spoken by Moroccan Jews, which they referred to as al-‘arabiya diyalna as opposed to ‘arabiya diyal l-məslimīn, typically had distinct features, such as š>s and ž>z "lisping," some lexical borrowings from Hebrew, and in some regions Hispanic features from the migration of Sephardi Jews following the Alhambra Decree. The Jewish dialects of Darija spoken in different parts of Morocco had more in common with the local Moroccan Arabic dialects than they did with each other.
Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, also known as Judeo-Tunisian, is a variety of Tunisian Arabic mainly spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Tunisia. Speakers are older adults, and the younger generation has only a passive knowledge of the language.
Tunis-Socialiste was a French language daily evening newspaper published in Tunis, Tunisia. It was the organ of Tunisian Federation of the SFIO. The newspaper was founded in March 1921 after the communists had split away from the SFIO and taken the publication l'Avenir sociale with them. Tunis-Socialiste carried the byline "for the brotherhood of the races". The initial editorial team of the paper consisted of Albert Cattan, André Duran-Angliviel, Joachim Durel and the Fichet couple. The paper ceased publication in 1956.
Le Réveil juif was a French language revisionist Zionist weekly newspaper published from Sfax, Tunisia.
L'Alba was an Italian-language fascist weekly newspaper published in Tunis, Tunisia. It was founded by Giuseppe Colombo and R. A. Oliva, with the first issue published on 5 September 1935.
Abdeljelil Zaouche was a Tunisian politician, reformer, and campaigner in the Tunisian independence movement.
Megorashim is a term used to refer to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who arrived in North Africa as a result of the anti-Jewish persecutions of 1391 and the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. These migrants were distinct from pre-existing North African Jews called Toshavim. The Toshavim had been present in North Africa since ancient times, spoke the local languages, and had traditions that were influenced by Maghrebi Islam. The Megorashim influenced North African Judaism, incorporating traditions from Spain. They eventually merged with the Toshavim, so that it is now difficult to distinguish between the two groups. The Jews of North Africa are often referred to as Sephardi, a term that emphasizes their Iberian traditions.
Jacob Chemla was a Tunisian Jewish ceramic artist, as well as an author, journalist and translator in Judeo-Tunisian Arabic.
Vitalis Haim Danon was a Jewish-Tunisian writer and professor. Danon is notable for his groundbreaking portrayal of day-to-day Jewish Tunisian life in his book, Ninette de la Rue du Péché.
Nassim Shamama or Nessim Scemama was a Tunisian businessman and philanthropist. As a Tunisian Jew, he held the role of caïd (head) for the Jewish community of the country. He also worked for the Husseinid beys, occupying the post of Receiver General and then Director of Finance. After amassing a huge fortune from his official positions he left Tunisia and after his death his estate became the subject of several famous and protracted international lawsuits.
El Horria or La Liberté was a Judeo-Moroccan newspaper published by Salomon Benaioun in two versions: one in Judeo-Moroccan Arabic and one in French.
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