Female sperm

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Female sperm can refer to either:

  1. A sperm which contains an X chromosome, produced in the usual way in the testicles, referring to the occurrence of such a sperm fertilizing an egg and giving birth to a female. [1]
  2. A sperm which artificially contains genetic material from a female. [2]

Since the late 1980s, scientists have explored how to produce sperm where all of the chromosomes come from a female donor. [3]

Contents

Artificial female sperm production

Creating female sperm was first raised as a possibility in a patent filed in 1991 [4] by injecting a female's cells into a male's testicles, though the patent focused mostly on injecting altered male cells into a male's testes to correct genetic diseases. In 1997, Japanese scientists partially confirmed such techniques by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. "However, the ratio of produced W chromosome-bearing (W-bearing) spermatozoa fell substantially below expectations. It is therefore concluded that most of the W-bearing PGC could not differentiate into spermatozoa because of restricted spermatogenesis." [5] These simple transplantation methods follow from earlier observations by developmental biologists that germ stem cells are autonomous in the sense that they can begin the processes to become both sperm and eggs.

One potential roadblock to injecting a woman's cells into a man's testicles is that the man's immune system might attack and destroy the woman's cells. In usual circumstances, when foreign cells (such as cells or organs from other people, or infectious bacteria) are put into a human body, the immune system will reject such cells or organs. However, a special property of testicles is that they are immune-privileged, that is, a male's immune system will not attack foreign cells (such as a female's cells) injected into the sperm-producing part of the testicles. Thus, a female's cells will remain in the male's testicles long enough to be converted into sperm.

However, there are more serious challenges. Biologists have well established that male sperm production relies on certain genes on the Y chromosome, which, when missing or defective, lead to such males producing little to no sperm in their testicles. An analogy, then, is that XX cells have complete Y chromosome deficiency. While many genes on the Y chromosome have backups (homologues) on other chromosomes, a few genes such as RBMY on the Y chromosome do not have such backups, and their effects must be compensated for to convert cells from a woman into sperm. In 2007, a patent application was filed [6] on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation. [2] Key to successful creation of female sperm (and male eggs) will be inducing male epigenetic markings for female cells that initially have female markings, with techniques for doing so disclosed in the patent application. [7]

In 2018, Chinese research scientists produced 29 viable mice offspring from two female mice by creating sperm-like structures from haploid embryonic stem cells using gene editing to alter imprinted regions of DNA. Experts noted that there was little chance of these techniques being applied to humans in the near future. [8] [9]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meiosis</span> Cell division producing haploid gametes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Testicle</span> Internal organ in the male reproductive system

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gonad</span> Gland that produces sex cells

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Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitosis. For example, plants produce gametes through mitosis in gametophytes. The gametophytes grow from haploid spores after sporic meiosis. The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germ cell</span> Gamete-producing cell

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sperm</span> Male reproductive cell in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spermatogonial stem cell</span> Spermatogonium that does not differentiate into a spermatocyte

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The germ cell nest forms in the ovaries during their development. The nest consists of multiple interconnected oogonia formed by incomplete cell division. The interconnected oogonia are surrounded by somatic cells called granulosa cells. Later on in development, the germ cell nests break down through invasion of granulosa cells. The result is individual oogonia surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells. There is also a comparative germ cell nest structure in the developing spermatogonia, with interconnected intracellular cytoplasmic bridges.

References

  1. ↑ "Groundbreaking new sperm sorting method could let parents chose sex of their baby". The Independent. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  2. 1 2 "Color illustration of female sperm making procress" (PDF). Human Samesex Reproduction Project. Retrieved 2013-11-09.[ dead link ]
  3. ↑ "BIBLIOGRAPHY and TIMELINE". Human Samesex Reproduction Project.
  4. ↑ "Repopulation of testicular Seminiferous tubules with foreign cells, corresponding resultant germ cells, and corresponding resultant animals and progeny". U.S. Patent Office. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  5. ↑ Tagami, Takahiro; Matsubara, Yuko; Hanada, Hirofumi; Naito, Mitsuru (June 1997). "Differentiation of female chicken primordial germ cells into spermatozoa in male gonads". Development, Growth and Differentiation. 39 (3): 267–71. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-169X.1997.t01-2-00002.x . PMID   9227893.
  6. ↑ "Methods for Female Mammalian Spermatogenesis and Male Mammalian Oogenesis Using Synthetic Nanobiology" (PDF). Gregory Aharonian. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  7. ↑ "EPIGENETICS: the key to healthy female sperm". Human Samesex Reproduction Project. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
  8. ↑ Blakely, Rhys (2018-10-12). "No father necessary as mice are created with two mothers" . The Times. ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  9. ↑ Li, Zhi-Kun; Wang, Le-Yun; Wang, Li-Bin; Feng, Gui-Hai; Yuan, Xue-Wei; Liu, Chao; Xu, Kai; Li, Yu-Huan; Wan, Hai-Feng (2018-10-01). "Generation of Bimaternal and Bipaternal Mice from Hypomethylated Haploid ESCs with Imprinting Region Deletions". Cell Stem Cell. 23 (5): 665–676.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004 . ISSN   1934-5909. PMID   30318303.
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