Ferguson v. JONAH

Last updated

Ferguson v. JONAH
Court New Jersey Superior Court
Full case nameMichael Ferguson et al., v. JONAH et al.
ArguedJune 3 to June 25, 2015
DecidedJune 25, 2015
Citation(s)No. L-5473-12 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 2015)
Transcript(s) Equality Case Files Unofficial Transcripts
Holding
A jury found that claims to convert clients from gay to straight violated consumer fraud protections and was unconscionable.
Court membership
Chief judgePeter F. Bariso Jr.
Case opinions
Decision byJury
Laws applied
Consumer Fraud Act, N.J.S.A., §56:8-2, et seq.
Keywords
LGBT, Conversion Therapy

Ferguson v. JONAH, New Jersey Superior Court No. L-5473-12 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. 2015) is a landmark LGBT civil rights case in which a New Jersey jury unanimously determined that conversion therapy, also called "reparative therapy," "reorientation therapy," or "ex-gay therapy" constituted consumer fraud.

Contents

The lawsuit accused Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality or JONAH (which changed its name to Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing) of consumer fraud for selling services that they claimed could change a person from gay to straight. This case was a first-of-its-kind lawsuit to use consumer protection laws to legally challenge the practice of conversion therapy. The Southern Poverty Law Center filed the case in November 2012 and the case went to trial on June 3, 2015. [1] [2] [3] A pretrial ruling by the Court declared for the first time in American history that homosexuality was not a mental disease, disorder, or equivalent thereof as a matter of law. [4] [5] On June 25, 2015, after a three-week trial, the jury unanimously found the defendants liable for consumer fraud and unconscionable business practices, ordered JONAH to pay $72,400 to compensate the plaintiffs plus an undisclosed amount for attorney's fees, ordered that JONAH be permanently closed, and forbade the defendants from ever starting a similar organization in New Jersey.

Background

Conversion therapy, also called sexual orientation change efforts, has a long history in the United States. Conversion therapy claims to help people, usually gay men, overcome their unwanted homosexual attractions, thereby “converting” them from gay to straight. [6] Today,[ when? ] all major American medical, psychiatric, physiological, and professional counseling organizations discredit and staunchly criticize conversion therapy. [7] [8]

Pretrial matters

In July 2010, a video published by the organization Truth Wins Out features two former participants of JONAH, Ben Unger and Chaim Levin, alleging that Alan Downing, a life coach connected with JONAH, demanded that his participants strip off all of their clothing in front of a mirror and touch their genitals in his presence. Downing released a statement in response denying the charges. [9] After emails were sent to the Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists linking to the video, the organization initially rescinded a previous invitation to JONAH's founder Arthur Goldberg to speak at their annual convention, but later allowed him to speak. Yael Respler of The Jewish Press printed a letter by Goldberg about the incident and noted in response that she herself had engaged in reparative therapy (also called conversion therapy). [10]

In November 2012, the Southern Poverty Law Center filed suit against JONAH, Arthur Goldberg, and Alan Downing on behalf of Michael Ferguson, Ben Unger, Chaim Levin, and two of the participants' mothers for fraudulent practices which are illegal under New Jersey's consumer protection laws. [11]

Five plaintiffs were represented by the Southern Poverty Law Center, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, and Lite DePalma Greenberg LLC. The named plaintiff, Michael Ferguson, had grown up in a conservative Mormon household and had been a client of JONAH. Two additional former clients, Benjamin Unger and Chaim Levin, had both grown up in an Orthodox Jewish community in Brooklyn. All three were consumers of conversion therapy offered by JONAH. [12] [ better source needed ]

Charles LiMandri of the Freedom of Conscience Defense Fund, who had been a one-time counsel to the National Organization for Marriage, [13] represented the three defendants.

JONAH challenged the veracity of the plaintiffs' allegations. [14]

In 2014, Superior Court Judge Peter Bariso ruled that JONAH and its co-defendants could have to pay three times the cost paid by the participants for therapy they said they needed because of JONAH's conversion therapy. [15]

In February 2015, Judge Bariso ruled that JONAH's claims of gay conversion therapy that describe homosexuality as a curable mental disorder were illegal based on the state's Consumer Fraud Act. Judge Bariso also said it is fraudulent to offer "success statistics" because "there is no factual basis for calculating such statistics". The judge also excluded expert testimony from leading conversion therapy proponents, Joseph Nicolosi and Christopher Doyle, ruling that their opinions were based on the false premise that homosexuality is a disorder. Bariso wrote that "the theory that homosexuality is a disorder is not novel but – like the notion that the earth is flat and the sun revolves around it – instead is outdated and refuted". [16]

In response to Judge Bariso's ruling, David Dinielli, deputy legal director for the Southern Poverty Law Center, said, "This is the principal lie the conversion therapy industry uses throughout the country to peddle its quackery to vulnerable clients. Gay people don't need to be cured, and we are thrilled that the court has recognized this". [16]

Trial

On 25 June 2015, in the first-ever trial of conversion therapy in the United States, a New Jersey jury found JONAH guilty of consumer fraud for promising to be able to change its clients' sexual urges and determined its commercial practices to be unconscionable. [17] The jury voted unanimously to convict JONAH under the Consumer Fraud Act of New Jersey. [18] The verdict required JONAH and Downing to refund thousands of dollars paid by former clients. [17] David Dinielli, SPLC deputy legal director said, "this verdict is a monumental moment in the movement to ensure the rights and acceptance of LGBT people in America". [19]

Permanent injunction

In December 2015, the parties entered into a settlement agreement that required JONAH to shut down entirely and prohibited founder Arthur Goldberg and counselor Alan Downing from engaging in any form of conversion therapy in New Jersey. [20]

Aftermath

Eleven days after the verdict, JONAH was reincorporated as JIFGA, "Jewish Institute for Global Awareness", keeping JONAH's assets, leadership and operations, as well as the same address and phone number. The Southern Poverty Law Center says that this is an attempt to evade the shutdown order and has appealed to the courts to enforce the previous ruling against JIFGA. [21] [ better source needed ] In June 2019, Judge Bariso found that JIFGA was an illegitimate attempt to continue JONAH in violation of the court order. He ordered JIFGA to shut down within thirty days and pay a $3.5 million fine to victims of the scam. The judge forbade Arthur Goldberg and Elaine Berk from serving in executive leadership or on the board of any nonprofit organization. [22] [23]

In a lengthy analysis published in Northwestern University Law Review , attorney Peter R. Dubrowski reviewed the strengths of the case and provided a fifty-state survey of state consumer protection laws that could be used to structure a claim similar to those in the JONAH case. Dubrowski wrote that "one state trial court decision in New Jersey creates neither binding precedent nor guaranteed success in future suits against conversion therapists. The case, however, was envisioned as—and is—a powerful model to consider in building future lawsuits." [24]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern Poverty Law Center</span> American civil rights NGO, founded 1971

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Based in Montgomery, Alabama, it is known for its legal cases against white supremacist groups, for its classification of hate groups and other extremist organizations, and for promoting tolerance education programs. The SPLC was founded by Morris Dees, Joseph J. Levin Jr., and Julian Bond in 1971 as a civil rights law firm in Montgomery.

The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), also known as the NARTH Institute, is a US organization that promotes conversion therapy, a pseudoscientific practice used in attempts to change the sexual orientation of people with same-sex attraction. NARTH was founded in 1992 by Joseph Nicolosi, Benjamin Kaufman, and Charles Socarides. Its headquarters were in Encino, California, at its Thomas Aquinas Psychological Clinic. It has operated under the name Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity (ATCSI) since 2014. NARTH is not recognized by any major United States-based professional association.

A lawsuit is a proceeding by one or more parties against one or more parties in a civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used with respect to a civil action brought by a plaintiff who requests a legal remedy or equitable remedy from a court. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint or else risk default judgment. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is entered in favor of the defendant. A variety of court orders may be issued in connection with or as part of the judgment to enforce a right, award damages or restitution, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Nicolosi</span> American clinical psychologist (1947–2017)

Joseph Nicolosi was an American clinical psychologist who advocated and practised "reparative therapy", a form of the pseudoscientific treatment of conversion therapy that he claimed could help people overcome or mitigate their homosexual desires and replace them with heterosexual ones. Nicolosi was a founder and president of the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH). Medical institutions warn that conversion therapy is ineffective and may be harmful, and that there is no evidence that sexual orientation can be changed by such treatments.

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Jewish Institute for Global Awareness (JIFGA), known before 2015 as Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing (JONAH), was a Jewish non-profit organization which offered conversion therapy to persons who sought sexual orientation change. JONAH stated that it was "dedicated to educating the world-wide Jewish community about the social, cultural and emotional factors which lead to same-sex attractions". JONAH's leaders disagreed with the consensus of mainstream science and the world's major mental health organizations who say that non-heterosexual sexual orientation is not a disorder.

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Pickup v. Brown (12-17681) and Welch v. Brown (13-15023) are 2012 lawsuits in the United States challenging the constitutionality of California Senate bill SB 1172, which banned conversion therapy on children under the age of 18, effective January 2013.

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Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change a person's sexual orientation or gender identity. As of August 2023, twenty-six countries have bans on conversion therapy, eleven of them ban the practice by any person: Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Ecuador, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Malta, New Zealand and Spain; eight ban its practice by medical professionals only; Albania, Brazil, Chile, India, Israel, Portugal, Vietnam and Taiwan; another seven: Argentina, Fiji, Nauru, Paraguay, Samoa, Switzerland, and Uruguay have indirect bans in that diagnoses based solely on sexual orientation or gender identity are banned without specifically banning conversion therapy, this effectively amounts to a ban on health professionals since they would not generally engage in therapy without a diagnosis. In addition, some jurisdictions within Australia, Mexico and the United States also ban conversion therapy. In China and South Africa case law has found conversion therapy to be unlawful. Bills banning conversion therapy are being considered in Ireland, Mexico, Poland, the Netherlands, Austria, Finland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

References

  1. ↑ "SPLC files groundbreaking lawsuit accusing conversion therapy organization of fraud". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  2. ↑ Pilkington, Ed (June 3, 2015). "Gay conversion therapy court case begins: 'Jonah lied – they made it worse'". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  3. ↑ Eckholm, Erik (November 27, 2012). "Gay 'Conversion Therapy' Faces Test in Courts". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  4. ↑ New Jersey Judge Rules Conversion Therapy Group Can’t Claim Homosexuality Is a Disorder, S. POVERTY L. CENTER (Feb. 10, 2015), https://www.splcenter.org/news/2015/02/10/new-jersey-judge-rules-conversion-therapy-group-can%E2%80%99t-claim-homosexuality-disorder
  5. ↑ Order Granting Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 1, Ferguson v. JONAH, No. L-5473-12 (N.J. Super. Ct. Law Div. Feb. 10, 2015)
  6. ↑ Drescher, Jack; Zucker, Kenneth, eds. (2006), Ex-Gay Research: Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science, Religion, Politics, and Culture, New York: Harrington Park Press, ISBN   1-56023-557-8
  7. ↑ Report Of the American Psychological Association Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf
  8. ↑ "Just the Facts about Sexual Orientation and Youth". www.apa.org. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  9. ↑ Steve Lipman (July 27, 2010). "Controversy Over Therapy For 'Curing' Homosexuals". Jewish Week. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  10. ↑ Goldberg, Arthur (November 4, 2010), "Dear Dr. Yael", The Jewish Press, archived from the original on January 26, 2013
  11. ↑ James, Susan Donaldson (November 27, 2012). "N.J. Lawsuit Alleges JONAH Gay Conversion Therapy Fraud". ABC News. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
  12. ↑ JONAH’s “Ex-Gay” Psychological Striptease https://truthwinsout.org/videos/scandals/2010/07/9941/
  13. ↑ "Charles LiMandri: Lawyer on the Front Lines of the Culture Wars". NCR. August 12, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  14. ↑ Livio, Susan K. (June 8, 2015), "Gay conversion therapy group founder misled about success rate, lawyer says", NJ.com, NJ On-Line, NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, retrieved December 30, 2016
  15. ↑ "Hudson judge allows gay conversion therapy lawsuit to continue". NJ.com. The Jersey Journal. June 9, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  16. 1 2 "New Jersey judge rules 'gay conversion therapy' is consumer fraud". The Guardian. Associated Press in Trenton, New Jersey. February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
  17. 1 2 Livio, Susan K. (June 25, 2015). "Group claiming to turn gay men straight committed consumer fraud, N.J. jury says". NJ.com. New Jersey On-Line. NJ Advance Media for NJ.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  18. ↑ Eckholm, Erike (June 25, 2015), "In a First, New Jersey Jury Says Group Selling Gay Cure Committed Fraud", The New York Times, retrieved December 30, 2016
  19. ↑ SPLC (June 25, 2015). "Jury in SPLC suit finds gay 'conversion' program is unconscionable and fraudulent". Medium. Retrieved July 13, 2023.
  20. ↑ Kasperkevic, Jana (December 18, 2015). "'Gay conversion therapy' provider ordered to shut down after lawsuit". The Guardian.
  21. ↑ "SPLC asks court to enforce order closing fraudulent 'conversion therapy' provider". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  22. ↑ "New Jersey-based Jewish gay conversion group ordered to shut down". The Times of Israel. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Conversion therapy provider must dissolve, pay millions, judge rules". NBC News. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  24. ↑ Dubrowski, Peter R. (2015). "The Ferguson v. JONAH Verdict and a Path Towards National Cessation of Gay-to-Straight "conversion therapy"". Northwestern University Law Review. 110: 77–117.
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