Fibrosing cardiomyopathy

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Fibrosing cardiomyopathy is a disease commonly caused by a heart failure in great apes, most specially the males. [1] [2] [3] When fibrosing cardiomyopathy attacks a healthy heart, it comes with a bacterium or a virus that makes the muscles of the heart turn into fibrous bands which makes them unable to pump blood in the blood streams. [4] When a gorilla is stressed, or the food it eats, then catecholamine which is a harmful substance is released in the heart muscle that make the C-reactive protein that is found in blood plasma produced by the liver to swell, causing rheumatoid arthritis. [4]

Contents

Contrast Analysis

Studies show that the causes of heart disease differ greatly between humans and chimpanzees. In this study, the scientists provided some new data and summarized existing reports on the subject. They also allow other primitives to have limited data, suggesting that they are more like chimpanzees in this respect. In general, the result is that heart disease does not represent a similarity between humans and other hominids, but rather an inexplicably special difference. Finally, the preliminary evidence of differences in extracellular matrix and glycosylation patterns between human and human-like hearts are proved and provided, which may be related to the understanding of these differences. Heart disease was the cause of 16 of the 52 deaths at Yakex primate research center between 1992 and 2005, and cardiac biopsies were carefully examined. This includes 9 animals (8 males, (1) dying females, (3) looking at the animals' serious animals (2 males, females). Almost all of these pathological abnormalities of death are associated with this type of FMI. Chimpanzees are very similar. An example shows a chimpanzee which goes through the heart muscle without hemiplegia, and heaven goes directly around the blood vessels, which can be seen in some people's hearts. For other reasons, the death of the Yerkes center also indicates that myocardial fibrosis was severe during this period of 14 men and 4 women, autopsies were fragmented by the IMF.[ citation needed ]

Food used to alleviate illness

Scientists have begun to study how billions of bacteria, fungi and other microbes living in the stomach and intestines of humans affect our health for the last few decades. What we eat determines which of these microorganisms thrive, and the composition of the intestinal flora has a great influence on other parts of our body. For example, some intestinal bacteria cause inflammation in our immune system, while other bacteria secrete substances that penetrate blood or block arteries, which helps explain why heart disease patients have different microbes and health conditions. Grains of paradise are plants that grow in swampy areas in West Africa-vine chocked swamps a member of the ginger family. [4] It is a plant that gorillas like eating but it contains a powerful anti- swollen compound. It grows up to 1.5 meters with a trumpet shape and reddish-brown seeds. Gorillas do use the plant to make nests on the ground and beds that they use over the night for sleeping; they also use the seeds to treat coughs, toothaches and measles. The plant also provides comfort and warmth to the weak and cold bodies of the gorilla. [5] The invention of processed high-calorie cookies containing vitamins and nutrients and the addition of several fruits and vegetables ultimately helped to standardize the diet of gorillas. The animal biscuit diet begins to prolong life and looks healthier and can sometimes survive for 50 years. The researches found that the biscuit diet has many shortcomings. Although gorillas are genetically similar to humans, their digestive systems are very different and more like horses. Like a horse, a gorilla is a digestive organ that processes food primarily in the very long large intestine, not in the stomach. This means they are good for breaking down the fiber, but not very good for sugar or grain. If the zookeeper feed them sweet potatoes or commercially grown fruit, they will eat them but that didn't bring much energy to them.[ citation needed ]

Category and symptoms

There are different types of cardiomyopathy which include a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which makes the heart muscles to enlarge and thicken; dilated cardiomyopathy happens when the ventricles enlarge and weaken; restrictive cardiomyopathy makes the ventricles to stiffen; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited one from one generation to another and dilated cardiomyopathy results due to heavy alcohol consumption, use of cocaine and viral infections. The signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy include; shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting during physical activities, irregular heartbeats, chest pain after heavy meals and unusual sounds associated with heartbeats. [5] Gorillas inhabited the forests of central sub-Saharan Africa whereby they were divided into two species; the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas. They are much closer to humans because the DNA reveals a higher percentage between 95 and 99%. They fall under kingdom Mammalia same as the human and both have the same origin of common ancestors. Gorillas are considered to be a single species with three subspecies i.e. the western lowland gorilla, the eastern lowland gorilla and the mountain gorilla. Both the species became one after their forest habitat shrank and ended up separating. With gorillas that were captive by human, started developing fibrosing cardiomyopathy due to the foods that humans used to give them like biscuits diet which had much sugar and this made it difficult with digestion because of their hindgut digesters which processed food in their extra-long large intestines instead of their stomachs and had lesser energy distribution in their bodies. The new diet lowered the body fat and cholesterol and ended up affecting the bacteria living in gorillas’ stomachs. [6] A heart attack in humans occurs due to chest pain, sweating or even shortness of breath that results due to coronary artery having a problem in supplying blood into the heart muscle while with the gorillas, it happens due to the diet that the ones in captives used to take. Humans, who do not suffer from an acute coronary heart attack, do end up having a heart failure due to a gradual decrease of blood supply in the arteries. Both gorillas and humans have an unusual form of interstitial myocardial fibrosis whereby a normal myocardium in both humans and gorillas are quite similar to each other. The gorilla's heart fibrosis has been distributed in an unorderly manner in the cardiac muscle as seen in human.[ citation needed ]

Prevention

After so many attempts on how to prevent the fibrosing from attacking gorillas, the zookeepers came with the ideas of how they could reduce the mortality rate of the gorillas i.e. the introduction of a National Gorilla Cardiac Database which will be used in tracking cases of the disease to those gorillas that were in captivity in the western lowland; Introduction of a tab that determines the populations of the gorillas and also comparing the ultrasound waves that is to produce a visual display of the heart from a healthy gorilla to a sick gorilla so that they can detect the presence of the disease; [6] Implantation of an advanced pacemaker in a gorilla that has the disease so that pacemaker can detect the disease at an early stage and also correcting the breakdown of the heart's electrical circuit that comes with the disease which later restores the heart to pump properly.

Heart failure is considered to be common in both human and the gorillas which could be determined as a heart failure or a cardiac arrest to some point. When analysis is taken into an accord, a human heart attack would be considered to have occurred due to coronary artery atherosclerosis which happens when the arteries are hardened due to a buildup of plaque inside the walls of the arteries while for the gorillas it will be considered to have occurred due to the bacteria in the muscles of the heart that prevents the heart from pumping the blood properly into the arteries and the veins. [6]

Overview

Fibrosing cardiomyopathy is a type of a heart disease that affects the family of gorillas from West Africa that are in captive by humans due to the area that they live in and also the type of food they eat. Grains of paradise are a type of plants that grow in swampy areas and it has been discovered to be the favorite plant that gorillas like to eat. The plant contains a powerful anti-swollen compound that attacks the heart of the gorillas which makes the coronary arteries of their hearts to have a poor functioning in the supply of blood into the heart muscles. This disease attacks male gorillas that are 30 years and above and so far, the exact treatment has not yet been found but measures have been put in place in order to take control of the disease and reduce the mortality rate in the gorilla's family.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiology</span> Branch of medicine dealing with the heart

Cardiology is the study of the heart. Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary artery disease</span> Reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to plaque buildup in the hearts arteries

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. Types include stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Occasionally it may feel like heartburn. Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a few minutes, and improve with rest. Shortness of breath may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present. In many cases, the first sign is a heart attack. Other complications include heart failure or an abnormal heartbeat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heart</span> Organ found inside most animals

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angina</span> Chest discomfort due to not enough blood flow to heart muscle

Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium). It is most commonly a symptom of coronary artery disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary artery bypass surgery</span> Surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), the buildup of plaques in the arteries of the heart. It can relieve chest pain caused by CAD, slow the progression of CAD, and increase life expectancy. It aims to bypass narrowings in heart arteries by using arteries or veins harvested from other parts of the body, thus restoring adequate blood supply to the previously ischemic heart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Troponin</span> Protein complex

Troponin, or the troponin complex, is a complex of three regulatory proteins that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. Measurements of cardiac-specific troponins I and T are extensively used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in the management of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. Blood troponin levels may be used as a diagnostic marker for stroke or other myocardial injury that is ongoing, although the sensitivity of this measurement is low.

Microvascular angina, previously known as cardiac syndrome X, is angina with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atheroma</span> Accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of artery walls

An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac catheterization</span> Insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart

Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into a chamber or vessel of the heart. This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiomegaly</span> Medical condition

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition in which the heart becomes enlarged. It is more commonly referred to simply as "having an enlarged heart". It is usually the result of underlying conditions that make the heart work harder, such as obesity, heart valve disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), and coronary artery disease. Cardiomyopathy is also associated with cardiomegaly.

Loeffler endocarditis is a form of heart disease characterized by a stiffened, poorly-functioning heart caused by infiltration of the heart by white blood cells known as eosinophils. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle which results in impaired diastolic filling of the heart ventricles, i.e. the large heart chambers which pump blood into the pulmonary or systemic circulation. Diastole is the part of the cardiac contraction-relaxation cycle in which the heart fills with venous blood after the emptying done during its previous systole.

Coronary artery anomalies are variations of the coronary circulation, affecting <1% of the general population. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath and syncope, although cardiac arrest may be the first clinical presentation. Several varieties are identified, with a different potential to cause sudden cardiac death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Takotsubo cardiomyopathy</span> Sudden temporary weakening of the heart muscle

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is a type of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy in which there is a sudden temporary weakening of the muscular portion of the heart. It usually appears after a significant stressor, either physical or emotional; when caused by the latter, the condition is sometimes called broken heart syndrome. Examples of physical stressors that can cause TTS are sepsis, shock, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and pheochromocytoma. Emotional stressors include bereavement, divorce, or the loss of a job. Reviews suggest that of patients diagnosed with the condition, about 70–80% recently experienced a major stressor, including 41–50% with a physical stressor and 26–30% with an emotional stressor. TTS can also appear in patients who have not experienced major stressors.

Cardiac fibrosis commonly refers to the excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the cardiac muscle, but the term may also refer to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. Fibrotic cardiac muscle is stiffer and less compliant and is seen in the progression to heart failure. The description below focuses on a specific mechanism of valvular pathology but there are other causes of valve pathology and fibrosis of the cardiac muscle.

Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) is a minimally invasive heart procedure to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</span> Medical condition

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a disease in which the long-term consumption of alcohol leads to heart failure. ACM is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy. The heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to heart failure. It can affect other parts of the body if the heart failure is severe. It is most common in males between the ages of 35 and 50.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cardiology, the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the human heart. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiology are called cardiologists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diabetic cardiomyopathy</span> Medical condition

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disorder of the heart muscle in people with diabetes. It can lead to inability of the heart to circulate blood through the body effectively, a state known as heart failure(HF), with accumulation of fluid in the lungs or legs. Most heart failure in people with diabetes results from coronary artery disease, and diabetic cardiomyopathy is only said to exist if there is no coronary artery disease to explain the heart muscle disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central chimpanzee</span> Subspecies of ape

The central chimpanzee or the tschego is a subspecies of chimpanzee closely related to the other great apes such as gorillas, orangutans, and humans. The central chimpanzee can be found in Central Africa, mostly in Gabon, Cameroon, Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ischemic cardiomyopathy</span> Medical condition

Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a type of cardiomyopathy caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. Typically, patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy have a history of acute myocardial infarction, however, it may occur in patients with coronary artery disease, but without a past history of acute myocardial infarction. This cardiomyopathy is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death. The adjective ischemic means characteristic of, or accompanied by, ischemia — local anemia due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply.

References

  1. ↑ Baldessari, Audrey; Snyder, Jessica; Ahrens, Joel; Murnane, Robert (2013-06-10). "Fatal myocardial fibrosis in an aged chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)". Pathobiology of Aging & Age-Related Diseases. 3: 21073. doi:10.3402/pba.v3i0.21073. PMC   3679521 . PMID   23762500.
  2. ↑ "Fibrosing Cardiomyopathy /Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA)". carta.anthropogeny.org. Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny . Retrieved 2019-05-15.
  3. ↑ Rush, Elizabeth Marie; Ogburn, Anna L.; Hall, Jeffrey; Rush, Dwain; Lau, Yung; Dillon, A. R.; Garmon, Linda; Tillson, D. M.; Kay, G. Neal (September 2010). "Surgical implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy device in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with fibrosing cardiomyopathy". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 41 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1638/2008-0144.1. PMID   20945635. S2CID   31110806.
  4. 1 2 3 Dybas, Cheryl Lyn; Raskin, Ilya (1 May 2007). "Out of Africa: A Tale of Gorillas, Heart Disease... and a Swamp Plant". BioScience. 57 (5): 392–397. doi: 10.1641/B570503 .
  5. 1 2 Schulman, F. Yvonne; Farb, Andrew; Virmani, Renu; Montali, Richard J. (1995). "Fibrosing Cardiomyopathy in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the United States: A Retrospective Study". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 26 (1): 43–51. ISSN   1042-7260. JSTOR   20095434.
  6. 1 2 3 Rush, Elizabeth Marie; Ogburn, Anna L.; Monroe, Denise (June 2011). "Clinical management of a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) with a cardiac resynchronization therapy device". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 42 (2): 263–276. doi:10.1638/2009-0080.1. JSTOR   41262618. PMID   22946404. S2CID   27342771.
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