Fibular aplasia-ectrodactyly syndrome | |
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Other names | Brachydactyly-ectrodactyly with fibular aplasia or hypoplasia [1] |
Fibular aplasia-ectrodactyly syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by aplasia/hypoplasia of the fibula, ectrodactyly, and/or brachydactyly/syndactyly. Additional symptoms include shortness of the femur and tibial/knee/hip/ankle defects. This disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
This disorder was first described in 2002 by Evans et al.. It was discovered that this disorder seems to have a male preference in sporadic cases, but tends to have an equal male-female preference in familial cases. Offspring have a higher chance of being born with the disorder if the mother carries the gene or is affected herself. [7]
This disorder is very rare, since only 60 cases have been recorded in medical literature. [8]
Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome, also called Keipert syndrome, is a rare congenital syndrome first described by J.A. Keipert and colleagues in 1973. The syndrome is characterized by a misshaped nose, broad thumbs and halluces, brachydactyly, sensorineural hearing loss, facial features such as hypertelorism, and developmental delay.
Ectrodactyly, split hand, or cleft hand involves the deficiency or absence of one or more central digits of the hand or foot and is also known as split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM). The hands and feet of people with ectrodactyly (ectrodactyls) are often described as "claw-like" and may include only the thumb and one finger with similar abnormalities of the feet.
Heart-hand syndromes are a group of rare diseases that manifest with both heart and limb deformities.
Hecht Scott syndrome is a rare genetic disease that causes congenital limb formation. The main characterisation is the aplasia or hypoplasia of bones of the limb. It is currently presenting in less than 1 in 1,000,000 newborns. It has been known to be more commonly present in males. It was first diagnosed in 2005 by Courtens et al. who recognised the malformations with his present case and four others that were similarly described in literature.
Ectrodactyly with tibia aplasia/hypoplasia also known as cleft hand absent tibia is a very rare limb malformation syndrome which is characterized by ectrodactyly, and aplasia/hypoplasia of the tibia bone. Additional findings include cup-shaped ears, pre-postaxial polydactyly, and hypoplasia of the big toes, femur, patella, and ulnae bone. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance.
Van Den Berghe Dequeker syndrome, also known as ulnar hypoplasia-split foot syndrome is a very rare congenital limb malformation syndrome which is characterized by severe ulnar hypoplasia, absence of the index to pinky finger in both hands, and split-foot.
Hirschsprung's disease-type D brachydactyly syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by the partial absence of nerves in the intestines and hypoplasia of the thumb's distal phalange. It has been described in 4 males from a 2-generation American family. The inheritance pattern was hypothesized to be either X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance.
Weyer's ulnar ray/oligodactyly syndrome is a rare multi-systemic genetic disorder which is characterized by ectrodactyly, ulnar, radial, or fibular ray deficit, and heart, single central incisor, splenic, and renal abnormalities. Cleft lip/palate and hypoplasia of the mandibles have also been observed. It is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It was first discovered in 1957 by Weyers et al. Only four families worldwide are known to be affected by the disorder.
Saito–Kuba–Tsuruta syndrome, also known as Fibulo-ulnar hypoplasia-renal anomalies syndrome, is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by fibulo-ulnar dysplasia associated with renal abnormalities. It is associated with neo-natal respiratory failure soon after birth.
Tibial hemimelia-polysyndactyly-triphalangeal thumb syndrome is a rare genetic limb malformation syndrome which is characterized by thumb triphalangy, polysyndactyly of the hand and foot, and hypoplasia/aplasia of the tibia bone. Additional features include short stature, radio-ulnar synostosis, ectrodactyly and abnormalities of the carpals and metatarsals. Only 19 affected families worldwide have been recorded in medical literature. It is associated with a heterozygous base pair substitution of A to G in position 404–406, located on intron 5 in the LMBR1 gene.
Brachydactyly-long thumb syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by symmetric brachydactyly of the fingers accompanied by an abnormally long thumb, hypomobility of the shoulder and metacarpo-phalangeal joints, and heart conduction defects. Small feet and hands, small shoulders accompanied with short clavicles, clinodactyly, pectus excavatum, mild limb shortening, cardiomegaly, and pulmonic stenosis murmur have also been reported. It was first discovered when D W Hollister et al. described 4 affected members belonging to a 3-generation family. No new cases have been reported since 1981. This disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Du Pan syndrome, also known as fibular hypoplasia and complex brachydactyly is an extremely rare genetic disorder which is characterized by hypoplasia, aplasia or dysplasia of the fibula, under-developee/abnormally developed hands and feet and rather complex brachydactyly. Unlike other rare genetic disorders, Du Pan syndrome doesn't affect traits like intellect or the appearance of the head and trunk To this day, 18 cases have been reported in medical literature. This disorder is associated with mutations in the CDCP1 gene, in chromosome 20q11.2. The mode of inheritance varies family from family, but it is most commonly inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, rare cases have families where the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant.
Heart-hand syndrome, Spanish type, also known as heart-hand syndrome type 3 or III, is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by heart, hand, and sometimes feet abnormalities. It is a type of heart-hand syndrome, a class of genetic disorders characterized by cardiac malformations and hand malformations. Only one family with the disorder has been reported in medical literature.
Anonychia-onychodystrophy with brachydactyly type B and ectrodactyly is a very rare autosomal dominant disorder which is characterized by onychodystrophy, anonychia, fifth finger brachydactyly, thumb digitalization, and missing to underdeveloped distal phalanges of the fingers. It has been described in multiple members of a 5-generation English family.
Gollop-Wolfgang complex is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by skeletal and digital anomalies.
Ulna hypoplasia-intellectual disability syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by shortening of the arms associated with ulnar aplasia/hypoplasia, bilateral clubbed feet, widespread nail aplasia/hypoplasia, and severe psychomotor delays with intellectual disabilities. It has only been described in two siblings born to consanguineous Arab parents. It is thought to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
Triphalangeal thumbs-brachyectrodactyly syndrome is a very rare limb malformation syndrome of genetic origin which is characterized by polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly, ectrodactyly, triphalangeal thumb and polyphalangism. Onychodystrophy and anonychia are also seen often. 27 cases from seven families from Mexico and the United States have been described in medical literature. It is inherited in an autosomal dominan manner and thought to be caused by mutations in the HOXD13 gene, in chromosome 2.
Intellectual disability-spasticity-ectrodactyly syndrome, also known as Jancar syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder which is characterized by severe intellectual disabilities, hereditary spastic paraplegia, and defects of the distal limbs, such as syndactyly, ectrodactyly, and clinodactyly. Only 3 families in England and Israel have been described in medical literature.
Holoprosencephaly-ectrodactyly-cleft lip/palate syndrome, also simply known as Hartsfield syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of variable holoprosencephaly, ectrodactyly, cleft lip and palate, alongside generalized ectodermal abnormalities. Additional findings include endocrine anomalies and developmental delays.
SOFT syndrome, also known for the name its acronym originates from: Short stature-onychodysplasia-facial dysmorphism-hypotrichosis syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the presence of short stature, underdeveloped nails, facial dysmorphisms, and hair sparcity across the body. It is caused by homozygous, autosomal recessive mutations in the POC1A gene, located in the short arm of chromosome 3. Fewer than 15 cases have been described in the medical literature.