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The International Geophysical Year, also referred to as the third International Polar Year, was an international scientific project that lasted from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the Cold War when scientific interchange between East and West had been seriously interrupted. Sixty-seven countries participated in IGY projects, although one notable exception was the mainland People's Republic of China, which was protesting against the participation of the Republic of China (Taiwan). East and West agreed to nominate the Belgian Marcel Nicolet as secretary general of the associated international organization.
The Transantarctic Mountains comprise a mountain range of uplifted rock in Antarctica which extends, with some interruptions, across the continent from Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land to Coats Land. These mountains divide East Antarctica and West Antarctica. They include a number of separately named mountain groups, which are often again subdivided into smaller ranges.
The Thiel Mountains are isolated, mainly snow-capped mountains of the Transantarctic Mountains System, located in the Ellsworth Land region of Antarctica. The mountain range is 45 nautical miles long, is located roughly between the Horlick Mountains and the Pensacola Mountains, and extends from Moulton Escarpment on the west to Nolan Pillar on the east. Major components include Ford Massif, Bermel Escarpment and a group of eastern peaks near Nolan Pillar.
Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. It was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century.
Dome A or Dome Argus is the highest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau, located 1,200 km (750 mi) inland. It is thought to be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth, with temperatures believed to reach −90 to −98 °C. It is the highest ice feature in Antarctica, consisting of an ice dome or eminence 4,093 m (13,428 ft) above sea level. It is located near the center of East Antarctica, approximately midway between the enormous head of Lambert Glacier and the geographic South Pole, within the Australian claim.
The United States Antarctic Program is an organization of the United States government which has a presence in the Antarctica continent. Founded in 1959, the USAP manages all U.S. scientific research and related logistics in Antarctica as well as aboard ships in the Southern Ocean.
Operation Deep Freeze is codename for a series of United States missions to Antarctica, beginning with "Operation Deep Freeze I" in 1955–56, followed by "Operation Deep Freeze II", "Operation Deep Freeze III", and so on.. Given the continuing and constant US presence in Antarctica since that date, "Operation Deep Freeze" has come to be used as a general term for US operations in that continent, and in particular for the regular missions to resupply US Antarctic bases, coordinated by the United States military. Task Force 199 was involved.
Henry Ice Rise is a triangular-shaped ice rise about 70 miles (110 km) long located between Korff Ice Rise and the southern portion of Berkner Island in the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. It was first visited by the United States International Geophysical Year geophysical traverse party from Ellsworth Station, 1957–58, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after Captain Clifford D. Henry of the Military Sealift Command, a veteran American polar sea captain and master of USNS Private John R. Towle (T-AK-240). Henry died aboard his ship, February 16, 1975, while returning from his fourteenth voyage to Antarctica in support of the U.S. Antarctic Research Program.
Mount Epperly is a 4,359-metre-high (14,301 ft) or perhaps 4,512-metre-high (14,803 ft) mountain in the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica. It overlooks Cervellati Glacier to the northeast and Ramorino Glacier to the east-northeast. The peak was first climbed by Erhard Loretan, solo over the 2,100-metre-high (6,900 ft) south face, on December 1, 1994. Loretan returned the next year and reclimbed the route for a film. In 1999, the American climbers Conrad Anker and Jim Donini failed in their attempt over the west ridge. The third successful ascent was by the Chilean Camilo Rada and Australian Damien Gildea via a new route over the south face in December 2007. Their GPS measurements on top suggested a height 153 m above the official one. This mountain is named after Robert Epperly who spent time during the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958 in Antarctica. Bob served in the US Navy at that time. He lived his latter years in Worthington, Massachusetts and is interred there.
Professor Dame Jane Elizabeth Francis, is the Director of the British Antarctic Survey. She previously worked as Professor of Palaeoclimatology at the University of Leeds where she also was Dean of the Faculty of Environment. In 2002 she was the fourth woman to receive the Polar Medal for outstanding contribution to British polar research. She is currently the Chancellor of the University of Leeds.
The Byrd Station is a former research station established by the United States during the International Geophysical Year by U.S. Navy Seabees during Operation Deep Freeze II in West Antarctica.
Religion in Antarctica is largely dominated by Christianity, with churches being the only religious buildings on the continent. Although used regularly for Christian worship, the Chapel of the Snows has also been used for Buddhist and Baháʼí Faith ceremonies. Some of the early religious buildings are now protected as important historical monuments.
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
The McCuddin Mountains are a small cluster of mountains in Antarctica consisting mainly of two large mountains, Mount Flint and Mount Petras, along with several scattered peaks and nunataks. Located in Marie Byrd Land, 64 km (40 mi) east of the Ames Range, with Wallace Rock as its southeast extremity.
Ellsworth Scientific Station was a permanent, all year-round originally American, then Argentine Antarctic scientific research station named after American polar explorer Lincoln Ellsworth. It was located on Gould Bay, on the Filchner Ice Shelf.
Gambacorta Peak is a peak 1,840 metres (6,040 ft) high, standing 4 nautical miles east of Mount Kaschak in the southern Neptune Range, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica.
The Géologie Archipelago, also known as the Pointe Géologie Archipelago, Geology Archipelago or Cape Geology Archipelago, is a small archipelago of rocky islands and rocks close to the north of Cape Géodésie and Astrolabe Glacier Tongue, extending from Helene Island on the west to the Dumoulin Islands on the east, in Adélie Land, Antarctica.
The sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition was a scientific expedition to Queen Maud's Land in Antarctica. The expedition was based at Norway Station which was located on the Fimbul Ice Shelf bordering the coast of Queen Maud Land.
Chapman Peak is a peak, 2,230 metres (7,320 ft) high, in the Maglenik Heights, on the east side of Ellen Glacier and west of Arapya Glacier, 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Mount Jumper in the central Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It was first mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1957–59, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Captain John H. Chapman, USAF, who participated in establishing the International Geophysical Year South Pole Station in the 1956–57 season.
Robin Elizabeth Bell is Palisades Geophysical Institute (PGI) Lamont Research Professor at Columbia University's Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and a past President of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2019–2021. Dr. Bell was influential in co-ordinating the 2007 International Polar Year and was the first woman to chair the National Academy of Sciences Polar Research Board. She has made numerous important discoveries with regard to subglacial lakes and ice sheet dynamics, and has a ridge, called Bell Buttress, in Antarctica named after her.
References
- ↑ "Valor awards for Francis Michael Gambacorta". valor.militarytimes.com. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ↑ Belanger, Dian Olson (2010). Deep freeze : the United States, the international geophysical year, and the origins of Antarctica's age of science. Niwot: Univ Pr Of Colorado. ISBN 978-1607320661.
- ↑ "Antarctica Detail: Gambacorta Peak". geonames.usgs.gov. US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
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