Frank J. Frost (born 1929) is an American scholar of Ancient Greek history, archaeologist, politician, and novelist.
Born in Washington, DC, in 1929 to businessman Frank J. Frost Sr., and Eugenia Frost, Frank Frost grew up in Palo Alto, CA. [1] After high school and some college, he served in the US Army during the Korean War. [2] He returned to the US from Korea and earned his B.A. at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1955. [3] He then went to the University of California, Los Angeles where he earned a Ph.D. in history in 1961 (his doctoral dissertation, entitled "The Scholarship of Plutarch: the Biographer's Contribution to the Study of Athenian History, 480-429 B.C.," was directed by Truesdell Sparhawk Brown). [4]
After teaching at the University of California, Riverside, and Hunter College, [5] Frost was called to the growing History Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1965 where he joined C. Warren Hollister in building its European history program. [6]
Frost's first book was an English edition, with additional commentary and supplementary material, of Adolf Bauer's German-language Themistokles: Studien und Beiträge zur griechischen Historiographie und Quellenkunde (Merseburg: P. Steffenhagen, 1881) published as Themistokles: literary, epigraphical and archaeological testimonia (Chicago, Argonaut, 1967). He edited Democracy and the Athenians: Aspects of Ancient Politics (New York: Wiley, 1969), which provides a mix of excerpts from primary and secondary sources. He published his revised doctoral dissertation as Plutarch's Themistocles: A Historical Commentary (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980). His textbook Greek Society (originally published with D.C. Heath in 1971) was widely used and went through five editions. He published a collection of his essays in Politics and the Athenians: Essays on Athenian History and Historiography (Toronto: Edgar Kent, 2005).
Frost also is an active archaeologist with special interest in underwater archaeology. He mapped submerged remains of the ancient city of Halieis, near the modern community of Porto Cheli (in the Argolid Peninsula, Greece) in 1965. [7] He also did survey work at Phourkari (also in the Argolid). [8] He excavated in Greece in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. [9] Combining his interest in archaeology with the history of sea-faring, he also published on early sea-faring off the coast of California. [10] Later, he co-directed the Greek-American excavations at Phalasarna (in Western Crete) with Dr. Elpida Hadjidaki of the Greek Archaeological Service. [11]
In 2000, two of his former students co-edited The Dance of Hippocleides: A Festschrift for Frank J. Frost in his honor. [12]
Frost is also active in politics. He was elected County Supervisor of Santa Barbara County in 1972 on a no-growth platform (and was involved in a sting operation to stop bribes by real estate developers). [13] He was the democratic nominee for Congress for the 19th congressional district in 1982, losing to Republican Robert J. Lagomarsino.
Since his retirement from teaching in 1990 (and receiving emeritus status), Frost has also been an active writer of fiction. These works include collections of short stories such as Subversives (Daniel & Daniel Publishers, 2001) and Gershwin's Last Waltz and Other Stories (Outskirts Press, 2016) as well as novels such as Dead Philadelphians (Capra Press, 1999), which received excellent reviews, [14] and Bay to Breakers (Daniel & Daniel Publishers, 2002). [15]
Frost has also played jazz piano professionally for decades. [16]
Themistocles was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower-class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens, a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC), and may have been one of the ten Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
Pericles was a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens. He was prominent and influential in Ancient Athenian politics, particularly between the Greco-Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian War, and was acclaimed by Thucydides, a contemporary historian, as "the first citizen of Athens". Pericles turned the Delian League into an Athenian empire and led his countrymen during the first two years of the Peloponnesian War. The period during which he led Athens as Archon (ruler), roughly from 461 to 429 BC, is sometimes known as the "Age of Pericles", but the period thus denoted can include times as early as the Persian Wars or as late as the following century.
Artaxerxes I was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I.
Aristides was an ancient Athenian statesman. Nicknamed "the Just", he flourished at the beginning of Athens' Classical period and is remembered for his generalship in the Persian War. The ancient historian Herodotus cited him as "the best and most honourable man in Athens", and he received similarly reverent treatment in Plato's Socratic dialogues.
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BC. Struggling to control the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.
Hippocleides, the son of Teisander (Τείσανδρος), was an Athenian nobleman, who served as Eponymous Archon for the year 566 BC – 565 BC.
The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is one of 19 foreign archaeological institutes in Athens, Greece. It is a member of the Council of American Overseas Research Centers (CAORC). CAORC is a private not-for-profit federation of independent overseas research centers that promote advanced research, particularly in the humanities and social sciences, with focus on the conservation and recording of cultural heritage and the understanding and interpretation of modern societies.
Falasarna or Phalasarna is a Greek harbour town at the west end of Crete that flourished during the Hellenistic period. The currently visible remains of the city include several imposing sandstone towers and bastions, with hundreds of meters of fortification walls protecting the town, and a closed harbor, meaning it is protected on all sides by city walls. The harbor is ringed by stone quays with mooring stones, and connected to the sea through two artificial channels. Notable finds in the harbor area include public roads, wells, warehouses, an altar, and baths. Most of these structures were revealed by excavations that began in 1986.
Michael Hamilton Jameson was a classicist. At the time of his death he was Crossett Professor Emeritus of Humanistic Studies at Stanford University.
The Swedish Institute at Athens was founded in 1946 and is one of 19 foreign archaeological institutes operating in Athens, Greece. The Institute is one of three Swedish research institutes in the Mediterranean, along with the Swedish Institute of Classical Studies in Rome and the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. Besides the premises in Athens the institute has an office in Stockholm and a guesthouse in Kavala. It also owns the Nordic Library along with the Danish Institute at Athens, the Finnish Institute at Athens and the Norwegian Institute at Athens.
Admetus was king of the ancient Greek tribe of the Molossians at the time that Themistocles was the effective ruler of Athens. When Themistocles was in control of Athens, Admetus had opposed him, but without any rancour.
The Wars of the Delian League were a series of campaigns fought between the Delian League of Athens and her allies, and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. These conflicts represent a continuation of the Greco-Persian Wars, after the Ionian Revolt and the first and second Persian invasions of Greece.
Richard Ernest Wycherley, was a British classical archaeologist, specialising in ancient Greece. He attended Queens' College at the University of Cambridge, attaining a bachelor's degree in 1930 and a diploma in classical archaeology in 1931. He was Assistant Lecturer for Classics at the University of Manchester from 1932 to 1937 and later Lecturer until 1945. He was Emeritus Professor of Greek at the University of Wales.
Leontis was a phyle (tribe) of Ancient Attica.
Lucy Talcott was an American archaeologist who worked on the excavations at the Ancient Agora of Athens for over twenty years. An expert on ancient Greek painted pottery, she coauthored the definitive study of Archaic and Classical household pottery.
Duane W. Roller is an American archaeologist, author, and professor emeritus of classics, Greek and Latin at the Ohio State University.
Archeptolis, also Archepolis, was a Governor of Magnesia on the Maeander in Ionia for the Achaemenid Empire circa 459 BCE to possibly around 412 BCE, and a son and successor of the former Athenian general Themistocles.
Harold A. Drake is an American scholar of Ancient Roman history, with an emphasis on late antiquity.
Epiphanies – or visions of gods – were reported and believed in many cities of ancient Greece. They were most commonly reported on the battlefields and, during moments of crisis, when citizens were most eager to believe that the gods of their polis were coming to assist them. An alleged visitation or manifestation of a god was known as an epiphaneia. Sometimes the gods who appeared were prominent deities, but more often, they were minor figures, whose shrines were linked to the location of a particular event or battle. The gods did not always reveal themselves to mortals, but could indicate their presence through physical signs or unusual phenomena. They could also appear to individuals, particularly in dreams, such as the reported visit by the ‘Mother of the Gods’ to Themistokles who warned of an attempt on his life and, in return for this information, demanded that his daughter be sworn into her service.
Elpida Hadjidaki or Chatzidaki is a Greek marine archaeologist specializing in ancient shipwrecks and harbor towns. She grew up in coastal Chania and was interested in maritime history from an early age. Hadjidaki learned to dive shortly after finishing high school. She has investigated multiple archaeological sites, including the Peristera shipwreck, a Minoan shipwreck near Pseira, and the ancient harbor town of Phalasarna.