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Benjamin Franklin Randolph was an American educator, an army chaplain during the Civil War, and a Methodist minister, newspaper editor, politician, and state senator in the early part of the Reconstruction Era in South Carolina. Randolph was selected to be one of the first African American Electors in the United States at the 1868 Republican National Convention for the Ulysses Grant Republican presidential ticket. Randolph also served as the chair of the state Republican Party Central Committee. He was a delegate to the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention, where he played an important role in establishing the first universal public education system in the state, and in granting for the first time the right to vote to black men and non-property owning European-American men. On October 16, 1868, Randolph was assassinated by members of the Ku Klux Klan.
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Joseph Adkins was a minister and state senator in Georgia during the Reconstruction Era after the American Civil War. He was a Republican who represented Warren County, Georgia. He supported civil rights for African Americans and reported racially motivated violence by the Ku Klux Klan. He was murdered in May 1869, after having led a delegation to Washington, D.C. to obtain military protection against widespread acts of violence by the Klan.
Josiah Sherman was a Georgia State Senator during the Reconstruction era. He was from Vermont. He served in the 80th Georgia General Assembly from 1869 to 1870. Emma Spaulding Bryant boarded with Sherman and his wife on the outskirts of Atlanta.
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William "Beverly" Nash was a barber, shoe shine, porter, waiter, and state senator in South Carolina. An African American, Nash was born enslaved in Virginia, Nash gained his freedom at the age of 43 with the passage of the 13th Amendment. After the Civil War he became a state legislator during the Reconstruction Era. He was instrumental in drafting South Carolina's Constitution of 1868, and held several committee positions in the state government over his career. He held his office for 21 years before resigning.
Simeon Farr was an American politician who was elected as a state representative in 1868 in South Carolina during the Reconstruction era. He represented Union County, South Carolina. His photograph was used in a composite of Radical Republican officials from South Carolina. His name is spelled Simon Farr in an 1868 House document.
Junius S. Mobley, also known as June Mobley, was a politician in South Carolina. He was considered an ultra-radical, and was one of South Carolina's 1868 Radical Republican members of the Legislature. He reportedly became a preacher after the Reconstruction era. Mobley was a political leader during the Reconstruction era in South Carolina and was involved in the distribution of ammunition to freedmen. He was part of the Union Brotherhood that replaced the Union League in 1872. Mobley was from Union County, South Carolina. John Schreiner Reynolds wrote about Mobley and other African American legislators in 1905. He was not a fan of Mobley's, and described him as "mulatto" and said he gave incendiary speeches causing bloodshed for the "men of his own race". He also referred to Mobley as a "vicious and mouthy Negro".
Powell Smythe was a member of the South Carolina General Assembly during the Reconstruction era. He represented Clarendon County, South Carolina.
Sancho Saunders was a member of South Carolina's House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era. He represented Chester County, South Carolina. He was documented as a literate Baptist minister who was a slave before the American Civil War. He was African American. His photograph was included in a montage of Radical Republican South Carolina legislators.
Hiram W. Duncan was a state senator in South Carolina during the Reconstruction era.
Henry W. Webb was a political leader in Reconstruction era South Carolina. He was a delegate to the South Carolina Constitutional Convention of 1868 and elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives the same year.
John Hannibal White was a delegate to South Carolina's 1868 Constitutional Convention, a two-term member of the South Carolina House of Representatives, and a state senator in South Carolina. He worked as a blacksmith.
Henry L. Shrewsbury was an American teacher and Reconstruction era state legislator in South Carolina. He was described as a free mullato, and represented Chesterfield County in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1868 until 1870.
David Timothy Corbin was a Reconstruction era lawyer, officer in the Union Army, prisoner of war, U.S. Attorney, state senator, U.S. Senator-elect, and judge in South Carolina. He was from Vermont and came south with the Freedmen's Bureau to Charleston, South Carolina.
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On October 17, 1871, President Grant declared nine South Carolina counties to be in active rebellion, and suspended habeas corpus. The order allowed federal troops, under the command of Major Lewis Merrill, to execute mass-arrests and begin the process of crushing the South Carolina Ku Klux Klan in federal court. Merrill reported 169 arrests in York County before January 1872. Numerous Klansmen fled the state, and more were quieted by fear of prosecution. Nearly 500 men surrendered to Merrill voluntarily, gave confessions or evidence, and were released. At the Fourth Federal Circuit Court session in Columbia, South Carolina beginning November 1871, United States District Attorney David T. Corbin and South Carolina Attorney General Daniel H. Chamberlain convicted 5 Klansmen in trial court, and secured convictions based on confession from 49 others. In the next Fourth Federal Circuit Court session in Charleston, South Carolina in April 1872, Corbin convicted 86 more Klansmen. Klan activities vanished while prosecutions were ongoing and publicized, but, by the end of 1872, federal will dissolved in the face of waning Republican support for Reconstruction. At the end of 1872 some 1,188 Enforcement Act cases remained to be tried. White Northern interests began to seek a more conciliatory relationship with Southern states, and lamented Southern papers' exaggerated tales of "bayonet rule." During the summer of 1873, President Grant announced a policy of clemency for those Klansmen who had not yet been tried, and pardon for those who had. The remaining cases were not tried, and prosecutions under the Enforcement Act were all but abandoned after 1874.
Henry St. Clair was an American politician. He represented Macon County, Alabama in 1872. He lived in Tuskegee. He testified about the political climate, canvassing, and acts of intimidation against African Americans who overwhelmingly supported the Republican Party.
The House Select Committee on Reconstruction was a select committee which existed the United States House of Representatives during the 40th and 41st Congresses with a focus related to the Reconstruction Acts. The 39th Congress had had a similar joint committee called the United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction.
References
- ↑ Carolina, South (July 11, 1868). "The Constitution of South Carolina, Adopted April 16, 1868: And the Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly Passed at the Special Session of 1868, Together with the Military Orders Therein Re-enacted". John W. Denny – via Google Books.
- ↑ Congress, United States (July 11, 1868). "The Congressional Globe". Blair & Rives – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Radical Members of the South Carolina Legislature". Smithsonian Music.
- ↑ States, United States Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary (July 11, 1872). "Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire Into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States". U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books.
- ↑ Taylor, Alrutheus Ambush (July 11, 1924). The Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction. Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. ISBN 9781404760899 – via Google Books.
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