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Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, pluralism, egalitarianism, liberalism, socialism, and Marxism, fascism is at the far right of the traditional left–right spectrum.
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, ultraconservatism, racial supremacy, right-wing populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, sometimes with economic liberal issues, as well as opposition to social democracy, parliamentarianism, Marxism, capitalism, communism, and socialism. As with classical fascism, it occasionally proposes a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism.
Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are typically marked by radical conservatism, authoritarianism, ultra-nationalism, and nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the right, distinguished from more mainstream right-wing ideologies by its opposition to liberal democratic norms and emphasis on exclusivist views. Far-right ideologies have historically included fascism, Nazism, and Falangism, while contemporary manifestations also incorporate neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacism, and various other movements characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, and theocratic or reactionary beliefs.
Terza rima is a rhyming verse form, in which the poem, or each poem-section, consists of tercets with an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme: The last word of the second line in one tercet provides the rhyme for the first and third lines in the tercet that follows. The poem or poem-section may have any number of lines, but it ends with either a single line or a couplet, which repeats the rhyme of the middle line of the previous tercet.
The Third Position is a set of neo-fascist political ideologies that were first described in Western Europe following the Second World War. Developed in the context of the Cold War, it developed its name through the claim that it represented a third position between the capitalism of the Western Bloc and the communism of the Eastern Bloc.
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Jonathan David Anthony Bowden was an English far-right activist, orator, and writer. A member of the Conservative Party in the early 1990s, he later became involved in far-right organisations, including the British National Party (BNP). Bowden has been described as a "cult Internet figure" amongst the far-right movement, even several years after his death.
Franco "Giorgio" Freda is an Italian neo-fascist intellectual, author, revolutionary and political theorist. A major figure of the post-war far-right politics in Italy, Freda has been particularly associated with neo-fascism and revolutionary nationalism, advocating for a radical transformation of society along nationalist and revolutionary lines.
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The Ordine Nero was an Italian terrorist fascist group founded in 1974 following the dissolution of the fascist Ordine Nuovo. Between 1974 and 1978, bombings by ON led to a number of woundings and deaths, having orchestrated several deadly bombings and murders including the 1974 Italicus Express Bombing and the 1974 Brescia Bombing.
Nazareno Andrea De Angelis or Nanni was an Italian militant and politician and a leader of Terza Posizione.
In the First Italian Republic, after the Second World War, several armed, paramilitary, far-right organizations were active, as well as far-left ones, especially during the Years of Lead.
Piazza dell'Indipendenza in Rome is a square in Municipio V of the Castro Pretorio district of the Italian capital city. It is situated between Via Solferino and Via San Martino della Battaglia.
Nazi-Maoism was a political movement and ideology that emerged in Italy around 1968, with the formation of a group known as Struggle of the People. This group of students, from the Sapienza University of Rome, took heavy inspiration from the writings and theory of Franco Freda, and advocated for a combination of ideas from both the far-left and far-right. According to the neo-fascist group Terza Posizione, Nazi-Maoism had a stance of "neither capitalism nor communism, neither reds nor reactionary". Nazi-Maoists such as Freda wanted to form a "Fascist dictatorship of the proletariat", by using the Maoist guerrilla strategy of people's war to overthrow the government and the bourgeoisie.
References
- 1 2 Mammone, Andrea; Godin, Emmanuel; Jenkins, Brian (7 May 2013). Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe. Routledge. p. 426. ISBN 978-1-136-16750-8 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ↑ Orsini, Alessandro (15 April 2011). Anatomy of the Red Brigades: The Religious Mind-set of Modern Terrorists. Cornell University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-8014-6139-2.
- ↑ Ferraresi, Franco (17 September 2012). Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War. Princeton University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4008-2211-9 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- 1 2 Bull, Anna Cento (January 2008). Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation. Berghahn Books. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-85745-042-5 . Retrieved 2 December 2020.
