Geneticization

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Geneticization is a term that has been widely used by critics of genetic medicine since the early 1990s. [1] Originally coined by Abby Lippman in a series of three papers published in the 1990s (specifically in 1991, 1992, and 1994), [1] geneticization refers to the increasing tendency to define differences between individuals as largely or entirely due to genetics. [2] This includes the growing framing and understanding of human diseases and behaviors in genetic terms. [3] Henk A. M. J. ten Have has defined geneticization as "...a heuristic tool that can help to re-focus the moral debate on the implications of new genetic knowledge towards interpersonal relations, the power of medicine, the cultural context and social constraints, rather than emphasizing issues as personal autonomy and individual rights." [4]

It is common for social scientists and bioethicists to argue that geneticization leads to a growing belief in genetic determinism and essentialism in the general public, and that this, in turn, increases discrimination, stigma, and inequality. [5] [3] When Lippman originally coined the term "geneticization", for example, she was concerned about the potential for geneticization to increase public belief in biological essentialism, thereby reinforcing racism and discrimination against people with disabilities. [6] Some proponents of the heuristic of geneticization also argue that the media's coverage of genetics contributes to geneticization. [7] However, the empirical evidence on the link between geneticization and genetic determinism, and between genetic determinism, discrimination and inequality, is ambiguous, suggesting that the phenomenon of geneticization may not always follow the simple pattern that proponents of the concept ascribe to it. [5]

References

  1. 1 2 Arribas-Ayllon, Michael (June 2016). "After geneticization". Social Science & Medicine. 159: 132–139. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.011 . ISSN   0277-9536. PMID   27191974.
  2. ↑ Sherwin, Susan; Network, Feminist Health Care Ethics Research (1998). The Politics of Women's Health: Exploring Agency and Autonomy. Temple University Press. p. 64. ISBN   9781566396332.
  3. 1 2 Phelan, Jo C. (December 2005). "Geneticization of deviant behavior and consequences for stigma: the case of mental illness". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 46 (4): 307–322. doi:10.1177/002214650504600401. ISSN   0022-1465. PMID   16433278. S2CID   376746.
  4. ↑ ten Have, Henk A.M.J. (2001). "Genetics and culture: The geneticization thesis". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 4 (3): 295–304. doi:10.1023/a:1012090810798. ISSN   1386-7423. PMID   11760229. S2CID   151446089.
  5. 1 2 Hedgecoe, Adam M (2009-12-15). "Geneticization: Debates and Controversies". eLS. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0005849.pub2. ISBN   978-0470016176.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Lock, Margaret; Vinh-kim, Nguyen; Nguyen, Vinh-Kim (2010-04-26). An Anthropology of Biomedicine. John Wiley & Sons. p. 310. ISBN   9781405110723.
  7. ↑ Árnason, Vilhjálmur; Hjörleifsson, Stefán (2007-08-18). "Geneticization and bioethics: advancing debate and research". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 10 (4): 417–431. doi:10.1007/s11019-007-9088-9. ISSN   1386-7423. PMID   17705026. S2CID   6466279.

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