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Frame rate is typically the frequency (rate) at which consecutive images (frames) are captured or displayed. This definition applies to film and video cameras, computer animation, and motion capture systems. In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with frame frequency and refresh rate, which are expressed in hertz. Although in the context of computer graphics performance, FPS is the rate at which a system, particularly a GPU, is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed frames. In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate a frame could be captured, but in practice, other settings may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate.
A camera is an optical instrument that captures images. Most cameras can capture 2D images, while some more advanced models can capture 3D images. At a basic level, most cameras consist of a sealed box, with a small hole that allows light to pass through and capture an image on a light-sensitive surface. Cameras have various mechanisms to control how light falls onto the light-sensitive surface, including lenses that focus the light and a shutter that determines the amount of time the photosensitive surface is exposed to the light.
Special effects are illusions or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, video game, amusement park and simulator industries to simulate the imagined events in a story or virtual world.
In photography and videography, multi-exposure HDR capture is a technique that creates extended or high dynamic range (HDR) images by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different exposure levels. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term "HDR" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on computational imaging techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.
Cinematography is the art of motion picture photography.
In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other.
Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing. For example, an image of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent 30 times speed increase. Similarly, film can also be played at a much lower rate than at which it was captured, which slows down an otherwise fast action, as in slow motion or high-speed photography.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to photography:
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Takashi Ito is a Japanese experimental filmmaker known for his avant-garde short films, including Spacy (1981), Thunder (1982), and Ghost (1984). His films are characterized by such photographic techniques as long-exposure and time-lapse photography, as well as a stop motion technique in which series of photographs are themselves photographed frame-by-frame, creating an animated effect.
Thunder is a 1982 Japanese experimental short film directed by Takashi Ito. Shot on 16 mm film, Thunder makes use of long-exposure photography. Along with Ito's films Ghost (1984) and Grim (1985), Thunder has been noted for its ghostly imagery and ominous tone.
Spacy (スペイシー) is a 1981 Japanese experimental short film directed by Takashi Ito. The film consists of 700 continuous 16 mm still photographs of a gymnasium; using a stop motion technique, the camera appears to move throughout the space and into photographs of the gymnasium itself that are displayed across multiple easels, creating a seemingly endless, recursive visual effect.
Zone is a 1995 Japanese experimental short film directed by Takashi Ito. It features a headless figure restrained to a chair, surrounded by a ghostly, masked figure, a model train, and other imagery.
References
- 1 2 "伊藤高志《フィルモグラフィー》" [Takashi Ito Filmography]. ImageForum.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ↑ Nishijima, Norio (1996). "The Ecstasy of Auto-machines". In Bouhours, Jean-Michel (ed.). L'art du mouvement: Collection cinématographique du Musée national d'art moderne, 1919–1996 (in French). Centre Georges Pompidou. ISBN 978-2858509027.
[...] his other series such as Thunder (1982), Ghost (1984), and Grim (1985), which are occult experimental "horror" films featuring the technique of bulb shutters and time-lapse photography.
- ↑ Dahan, Yaron (4 June 2015). "Ghosts of Time and Light: The Experimental Cinema of Ito Takashi". MUBI . Retrieved 17 January 2023.
Ito Takashi's second period, which begins with the short film Thunder (1982), adds many of these elements to the experiments of the first: light painting, superimpositions, mystical demons, ghostly voices. [...] Thunder and the other films in this style—Ghost (1984), Grim (1985)—all portray retinal echoes of ghosts and televisions and lights, remnants of abandoned images, accompanied by insidious electronic soundtrack.
- ↑ "Art and AsiaPacific". Art and AsiaPacific. No. 26–28. 2000. p. 28.
In Ghost, the Japanese artist Takashi Ito adopts a primitive method of animation, shooting one frame at a time, creating high-speed, high-precision scenes that excessively stimulate the retina of the viewer and make the space of ordinary life strange.
- ↑ Cameron, Allan; Misek, Richard (April 2014). "Time-lapse and the projected body" (PDF). Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ). 3 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1386/miraj.3.1.38_1. ISSN 2045-6298 . Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ↑ "What's On | The Complete Weekly Entertainment Directory | Buff's choice". The Age . Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 20 September 1985. p. 10. Retrieved 17 January 2023– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ "Takashi Ito Film Anthology (DVD)". British Film Institute (BFI). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
