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The Papanicolaou test is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix or,more rarely,anus. Abnormal findings are often followed up by more sensitive diagnostic procedures and,if warranted,interventions that aim to prevent progression to cervical cancer. The test was independently invented in the 1920s by the Greek physician Georgios Papanikolaou and named after him. A simplified version of the test was introduced by the Canadian obstetrician Anna Marion Hilliard in 1957.
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in any layer of the wall of the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on,typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding,pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. While bleeding after sex may not be serious,it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.
Human papillomavirus infection is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases,an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. These lesions,depending on the site affected,increase the risk of cancer of the cervix,vulva,vagina,penis,anus,mouth,tonsils,or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV,and two strains –HPV16 and HPV18 –account for 70% of all cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.
Anal cancer is a cancer which arises from the anus,the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus. Other symptoms may include pain,itchiness,or discharge from the anus. A change in bowel movements may also occur.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines intended to provide acquired immunity against infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. Currently there are six licensed HPV vaccines:three bivalent,two quadrivalent,and one nonavalent vaccine All have excellent safety profiles and are highly efficacious,or have met immunobridging standards. All of them protect against HPV types 16 and 18,which are together responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally. The quadrivalent vaccines provide additional protection against HPV types 6 and 11. The nonavalent provides additional protection against HPV types 31,33,45,52 and 58. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer,80% of anal cancer,60% of vaginal cancer,40% of vulvar cancer,and show more than 90% effectiveness in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They also protect against penile cancer. They additionally prevent genital warts,with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines providing virtually complete protection. The WHO recommends a one or two-dose schedule for girls aged 9–14 years,the same for girls and women aged 15–20 years,and two doses with a 6-month interval for women older than 21 years. The vaccines provide protection for at least five to ten years.
Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). It was developed by Merck &Co. High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted,specifically HPV types 6,11,16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers,and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal,vulvar,vaginal,and penile cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. HPV type 16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers,and the prevalence is higher in males than females. Though Gardasil does not treat existing infection,vaccination is still recommended for HPV-positive individuals,as it may protect against one or more different strains of the disease.
Cervical cancer screening is a medical screening test designed to identify risk of cervical cancer. Cervical screening may involve looking for viral DNA,and/or to identify abnormal,potentially precancerous cells within the cervix as well as cells that have progressed to early stages of cervical cancer. One goal of cervical screening is to allow for intervention and treatment so abnormal lesions can be removed prior to progression to cancer. An additional goal is to decrease mortality from cervical cancer by identifying cancerous lesions in their early stages and providing treatment prior to progression to more invasive disease.
Diane Medved Harper is a United States professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan. Her area of expertise is human papillomavirus (HPV) and the diseases associated with it,as well as colposcopy,and she was one of the investigators in the clinical trials of Gardasil and Cervarix,vaccines against HPV.
Jennifer Gardy is a Canadian scientist,educator and broadcaster,with expertise in the fields of molecular biology,biochemistry,and bioinformatics. Since February 2019 she has been the Deputy Director,Surveillance,Data,and Epidemiology on the Global Health:Malaria team at the Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation. She was previously an associate professor at the University of British Columbia's School of Population and Public Health,a Canada Research Chair in Public Health Genomics,and a Senior Scientist at the BC Centre for Disease Control. She is an occasional host of CBC's The Nature of Things,a science communicator,and a children's book author. She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2021 as an International Member.
Nadine Rena Caron FACS,FRCSC,,is a Canadian surgeon. She is the first Canadian female general surgeon of First Nations descent (Ojibway),as well as the first female First Nations student to graduate from University of British Columbia's medical school.
Maria Saveria Campo FRSE,known as Saveria,is an Italian viral oncologist,known for being the first person to demonstrate an effective papillomavirus vaccine. She developed the vaccine alongside her colleague at the University of Bristol,England,Dr. Richard B.S. Roden. She went on to be recognized for her work and was awarded the position of Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2006. She has worked continuously in the field of Oncology up until her retirement.
Anne Szarewski was a doctor who helped improve how cervical screening samples are tested and was involved in developing the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
Sten H. Vermund is the Anna M.R. Lauder Professor of Public Health,and former Dean (2017-2022) of the Yale School of Public Health,and also serves as a Professor in Pediatrics at the Yale School of Medicine. He is a pediatrician and infectious disease epidemiologist focused on diseases of low and middle-income countries.
The HPV Prevention and Control Board,founded in 2015,is an independent group of international experts supported by unrestricted grants from the pharmaceutical industry that bring together key professionals,groups and government officials to deal with issues related to screening and prevention programmes for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection,the persistence of which may lead to cervical cancer,the second most common cancer in women living in low-resource settings. The Board focusses on preventing cervical cancer in these countries by promoting the sharing of information on cervical screening and HPV vaccination,which by 2014 had reached only around 3% of eligible girls in low income countries.
Deborah McColl Money is a Canadian obstetric and gynaecological infectious disease specialist. As a professor at the University of British Columbia,she was the first non-US President of the Infectious Diseases Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology from 2010 until 2012.
Heather M. Brandt is an American behavioral scientist. In 2020,Brandt was appointed Director of the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital HPV Cancer Prevention Program and Co-Associate Director of Outreach for the St. Jude Comprehensive Cancer Center. Brandt’s research examines,describes,and intervenes to address cancer-related health disparities with the “community".
Michele Lenore Frazier Baldwin,also known as Lady Ganga,was an American who set a world record in standup paddleboarding by paddling 700 miles (1,100 km) down the Ganges in India after being diagnosed with terminal cervical cancer in 2011. Her goal was to raise money and awareness for cervical cancer,human papillomavirus infection,and the HPV vaccine.
Pamela Toliman is a medical researcher from Papua New Guinea (PNG) who has researched areas such as sexually transmitted diseases,HIV/AIDS,cervical cancer and COVID-19.
Karen Canfell is an Australian epidemiologist and cancer researcher.
Julia C. Gage is an American cancer epidemiologist who researches cervical screening and the human papillomavirus infection. She is a staff scientist in the clinical genetics branch at the National Cancer Institute.
References
- ↑ "Gina Ogilvie". cirnetwork.ca. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Gina Ogilvie joins BC Women's & WHRI". bcwomens.ca. June 1, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Gina Ogilvie joins SPPH as Canada Research Chair in Global Control of HPV-Related Disease and Cancer". spph.ubc.ca. 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "SPPH garners three new Canada Research Chairs, plus one renewal". spph.ubc.ca. 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Congratulations to Dr. Gina Ogilvie for successfully securing over two million in funding from CIHR". med-vaceval.sites.olt.ubc.ca. July 22, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Ogilvie receives Michael S. O'Malley Alumni Award for Publication Excellence in Cancer Population Sciences". unclineberger.org. July 19, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "HPV screening found more effective than Pap test at identifying cervical cancer". sph.unc.edu. July 25, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ Daflos, Penny (June 4, 2019). "World-renowned Vancouver doctor to oversee $20M in research funding". bc.ctvnews.ca. CTV News. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ Fayerman, Pamela (June 5, 2019). "Ottawa gives $10 million to local researchers for cervical cancer work". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Dr. Christine Loock and Dr. Gina Ogilvie recipients of 2018 YWCA Women of Distinction Awards". med.ubc.ca. June 18, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
- ↑ "2021 Faculty of Medicine Award Recipients". UBC Faculty of Medicine. 2021-11-01. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
- ↑ "Dr. Gina Ogilvie and Dr. Teresa Liu-Ambrose elected into the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences". Women's Health Research Institute. September 14, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
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