Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body. It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has glandular origin,glandular characteristics,or both. Adenocarcinomas are part of the larger grouping of carcinomas,but are also sometimes called by more precise terms omitting the word,where these exist. Thus invasive ductal carcinoma,the most common form of breast cancer,is adenocarcinoma but does not use the term in its name—however,esophageal adenocarcinoma does to distinguish it from the other common type of esophageal cancer,esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Several of the most common forms of cancer are adenocarcinomas,and the various sorts of adenocarcinoma vary greatly in all their aspects,so that few useful generalizations can be made about them.
A Krukenberg tumor refers to a malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a primary site,classically the gastrointestinal tract,although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Gastric adenocarcinoma,especially at the pylorus,is the most common source. Krukenberg tumors are often found in both ovaries,consistent with its metastatic nature.
The European Institute of Oncology is a non-profit private-law comprehensive cancer centre located in Milan,Italy. It serves as a clinic,a research centre,and a training institution. IEO is a member of EU-LIFE,an alliance of leading life science research centres in Europe.
Virgil Craig Jordan,,was an American and British scientist specializing in drugs for breast cancer treatment and prevention. He was Professor of Breast Medical Oncology,and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center,Houston,Texas. Previously,he was Scientific Director and Vice Chairman of Oncology at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center of Georgetown University. Jordan was the first to discover the breast cancer prevention properties of tamoxifen and the scientific principles for adjuvant therapy with antihormones. His later work branched out into the prevention of multiple diseases in women with the discovery of the drug group,selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERMs). He later worked on developing a new Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for post-menopausal women that prevents breast cancer and does not increase the risk of breast cancer.
Umberto Veronesi was an Italian oncologist,physician,scientist,and politician,internationally known for his contributions on prevention and treatment of breast cancer throughout a career spanning over fifty years. He was the founder and president of the Umberto Veronesi Foundation. He also founded and held the role of scientific director and scientific director emeritus of the European Institute of Oncology. During his life and career,Veronesi was awarded a number of prizes for his contributions.
Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndromes (HBOC) are cancer syndromes that produce higher than normal levels of breast cancer,ovarian cancer and additional cancers in genetically related families. It accounts for 90% of the hereditary cancers. The hereditary factors may be proven or suspected to cause the pattern of breast and ovarian cancer occurrences in the family. The name HBOC may be misleading because it implies that this genetic susceptibility to cancer is mainly in women. In reality,both sexes have the same rates of gene mutations and HBOC can predispose to other cancers including prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. For this reason,the term "King syndrome" has recently come into use. The new name references Mary-Claire King who identified the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Breast-conserving surgery refers to an operation that aims to remove breast cancer while avoiding a mastectomy. Different forms of this operation include:lumpectomy (tylectomy),wide local excision,segmental resection,and quadrantectomy. Breast-conserving surgery has been increasingly accepted as an alternative to mastectomy in specific patients,as it provides tumor removal while maintaining an acceptable cosmetic outcome. This page reviews the history of this operation,important considerations in decision making and patient selection,and the emerging field of oncoplastic breast conservation surgery.
Cadherin-1 or Epithelial cadherin(E-cadherin),is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene. Mutations are correlated with gastric,breast,colorectal,thyroid,and ovarian cancers. CDH1 has also been designated as CD324. It is a tumor suppressor gene.
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is an incidental microscopic finding with characteristic cellular morphology and multifocal tissue patterns. The condition is a laboratory diagnosis and refers to unusual cells in the lobules of the breast. The lobules and acini of the terminal duct-lobular unit (TDLU),the basic functional unit of the breast,may become distorted and undergo expansion due to the abnormal proliferation of cells comprising the structure. These changes represent a spectrum of atypical epithelial lesions that are broadly referred to as lobular neoplasia (LN).
Peter Boyle was a British epidemiologist. He conducted research on globalisation of cancer,where he showed the dramatic increase of cancer in low- and medium income countries.
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is an inherited genetic syndrome most often caused by an inactivating mutation in the E-cadherin gene (CDH1) located on chromosome 16. Individuals who inherit an inactive copy of the CDH1 gene are at significantly elevated risk for developing stomach cancer. For this reason,individuals with these mutations will often elect to undergo prophylactic gastrectomy,or a complete removal of the stomach to prevent this cancer. Mutations in CDH1 are also associated with high risk of lobular breast cancers,and may be associated with a mildly elevated risk of colon cancer.
Europa Donna –The European Breast Cancer Coalition is an independent non-profit organisation whose members are affiliated groups from 47 countries throughout Europe. The organisation was set up by a group of women from various European countries in 1994. Its head office is in Milan,Italy.
Giuseppe Di Giovanni,Cavaliere is a Professor of Human Physiology and Neuroscience at the Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro,Italy.
The European School of Oncology (ESO) is a provider of continuing medical education to oncology professionals,with a particular focus on areas of Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans region.
Hereditary lobular breast cancer is a rare inherited cancer predisposition associated with pathogenic CDH1 (gene) germline mutations,and without apparent correlation with the hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome. Research studies identified novel CDH1 germline variants in women with diagnosed lobular breast cancer and without any family history of gastric carcinoma. Firstly,in 2018 Giovanni Corso et al. defined this syndrome as a new cancer predisposition and the Authors suggested additional clinical criteria to testing CDH1 in lobular breast cancer patients. In 2020,the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium recognized officially that the hereditary lobular breast cancer is a possible independent syndrome. To date,there are reported about 40 families clustering for lobular breast cancer and associated with CDH1 germline mutations but without association with diffuse gastric cancer. Other recent studies demonstrated a possible correlation between hereditary lobular breast cancer and gastric cancer risk.
Fátima Carneiro is a Portuguese pathologist. Since 2001 she has been director of the Pathological Anatomy Service at the University Hospital of São João in Porto. In September 2018 she was voted first in a list of the hundred "Best &Brightest" pathologists in the world by the magazine The Pathologist.
The European Cancer Prevention Organization (ECP) is a scientific organization representing physicians of all oncology sub-specialties with focus on cancer prevention. ECP was founded in 1981 with the support of several European scientists. The elected president of ECP is Professor Giovanni Corso. The Cancer Plan will aim to make at least 80% of the population aware of the Code by 2025.
Brij Bhooshan Gupta is a distinguished professor with the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE),Asia University,Taiwan. He has published over 500 papers in journals/conferences including 35 books and 10 Patents with over 30,000 citations. He has also received numerous national and international awards including Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher in the world in Computer Science consecutively in year 2022 and 2023.
Stavros Avramidis is a Greek Canadian wood scientist and professor at the University of British Columbia in Canada,who is an elected fellow (FIAWS) and president of the International Academy of Wood Science for the period 2023-2026.
Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa is a Polish-Italian radiation oncologist and medical researcher. She is currently Full Professor of Radiation Oncology at the University of Milan and Chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan,Italy.
