Giovanni Manzolini | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1700 Bologna |
| Died | 1755 Bologna |
| Nationality | Bolognese |
| Occupation | Sculptor |
| Known for | Anatomical models |
Giovanni Manzolini (1700-1755) was a Bolognese artist, an expert maker of wax anatomical models and a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna. His wife Anna Morandi Manzolini also became a well-known maker of wax anatomical models.
Giovanni Manzolini was born in 1700 in Bologna, the son of a shoemaker. As a young man he helped his father in his trade. [1] In 1736 he married Anna Morandi (1716-1774), whom he had known since childhood. [2] His wife had been trained as an artist. [3] They were to have six children before 1755, although four died before reaching adulthood. [4]
Deciding to become a figure painter, Manzolini joined Ercole Lelli's studio at the age of 40 to learn the art of anatomical sculpture. He was made Lelli's assistant in 1743. [1] Under Lelli, Manzolini was made chief assistant on the papal commission to make wax models for the Anatomy Museum of the Academy of Sciences of Bologna Institute, holding this position for three years. He resigned in late 1746. He felt bitterly that Lelli had deprived him of recognition for his greater knowledge of anatomy and anatomical sculpture. [3]
After leaving Lelli, Manzolini opened his own studio for wax modeling and launched a school of anatomy. [3] His wife also learned how to dissect cadavers, and learned anatomy and the art of wax modeling so she could help her husband. The husband and wife team became recognized by artists and anatomists throughout Europe. [2] Anna Moranda was the one who gave the lectures and demonstrations at the school. [5] Manzolini was appointed Professor of Anatomy at the University of Bologna. [2]
Giovanni Manzolini died in Bologna in 1755. [1] Anna Morandi Manzolini had been helping her husband with lectures, and after his death was appointed Lecturer in Anatomy at the university, and in 1756 was appointed Professor of Anatomy. [2]
Manzolini produced many models. These included models of the sensory and vocal organs that he prepared for the Royal Society in London, nine anatomical models for the King of Sardinia, and an anatomical compendium of 46 wax parts and 125 colored clay parts. [1] Many of the models made by the Manzolinis were purchased by Giovanni Antonio Galli (1708-1782) for use in his school for midwives, then bought by Pope Benedict XIV and assigned to the Bologna Istituto delle Scienze and housed in the Palazzo Poggi, where they can be seen today. [6]
The history of anatomy extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern anatomists and scientists. Written descriptions of human organs and parts can be traced back thousands of years to ancient Egyptian papyri, where attention to the body was necessitated by their highly elaborate burial practices.
The year 1774 in science and technology involved some significant events.
The year 1714 in science and technology involved some significant events.
Moulage is the art of applying mock injuries for the purpose of training emergency response teams and other medical and military personnel. Moulage may be as simple as applying pre-made rubber or latex "wounds" to a healthy "patient's" limbs, chest, head, etc., or as complex as using makeup and theatre techniques to provide elements of realism to the training simulation. The practice dates to at least the Renaissance, when wax figures were used for this purpose.
Antonio Maria Valsalva, was an Italian anatomist born in Imola. His research focused on the anatomy of the ears. He coined the term Eustachian tube and he described the aortic sinuses of Valsalva in his writings, published posthumously in 1740. His name is associated with the Valsalva antrum of the ear and the Valsalva maneuver, which is used as a test of circulatory function. Anatomical structures bearing his name are Valsalva’s muscle and taeniae Valsalvae. He observed that when weakness of one side of the body is caused by a lesion in the brain, the culprit lesion tends to be on the side opposite (contralateral) to the weak side; this finding is named the "Valsalva doctrine" in his honor.
Alessandro Achillini was an Italian philosopher and physician. He is known for the anatomic studies that he was able to publish, made possible by a 13th-century edict putatively by Emperor Frederick II allowing for dissection of human cadavers, and which previously had stimulated the anatomist Mondino de Luzzi at Bologna.
A wax sculpture is a depiction made using a waxy substance. Often these are effigies, usually of a notable individual, but there are also death masks and scenes with many figures, mostly in relief.
Dorotea Bocchi (1360–1436) was an Italian noblewoman known for studying medicine and philosophy. Dorotea was associated with the University of Bologna, though there are differing beliefs regarding the extent of her participation at the university ranging, from whether she taught or held a position there. Despite these debates, there is consensus that she flourished and was active at the university for more than 40 years, beginning from 1390 onwards.
Giuseppe Pedretti was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque or Rococo period, active mainly in Bologna.
Ercole Lelli was an Italian painter of the late-Baroque, active mainly in Northern Italy, including his native city of Bologna, as well as Padua and Piacenza.
Anna Morandi Manzolini was an internationally known anatomist and anatomical wax modeler, as lecturer of anatomical design at the University of Bologna.
Paolo Mascagni was an Italian physician and anatomist. He is most well known for publishing the first complete description of the lymphatic system.
San Procolo is an early Gothic-style, Roman Catholic church and former monastery-hospital located on Via Massimo D'Azeglio #52 in central Bologna, region of Emilia Romagna, Italy.
Marie Marguerite Bihéron was a French anatomist, known for her medical illustrations and wax figure models.
Clemente Michelangelo Susini (1754–1814) was an Italian sculptor who became renowned for his wax anatomical models, vividly and accurately depicting partly dissected corpses. These models were praised by both doctors and artists.
Francesco Antonio Boi was a Sardinian physician and professor of anatomy. He is known for his work with the sculptor Clemente Susini in preparing highly detailed and accurate wax anatomical models.
The Palazzo Poggi is a palazzo in Via Zamboni 33, Bologna, Italy. It is the headquarters of the University of Bologna and of the rector of the university.
Giovanni Antonio Galli (1708–1782) was a physician who pioneered the teaching of obstetrics in Bologna using three-dimensional models.
Luigi Castaldi was an Italian anatomist and physician. He demonstrated endocrine function on development and growth. He also wrote on the history of anatomy.
Citations
Sources
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
