The national flag of Switzerland displays a white cross in the center of a square red field. The white cross is known as the Swiss cross or the federal cross. Its arms are equilateral, and their ratio of length to width is 7:6. The size of the cross in relation to the field was set in 2017 as 5:8. Alongside the flag of Vatican City, the Swiss flag is one of only two square national flags in the world.
Karl Ludwig Sand was a German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft. He was executed in 1820 for the murder of the conservative dramatist August von Kotzebue the previous year in Mannheim. As a result of his execution, Sand became a martyr in the eyes of many German nationalists seeking the creation of a united German national state.
The coat of arms of the Swiss Confederation shows the same white-on-red cross as the flag of Switzerland, but on a heraldic shield instead of the square field.
The Frankfurter Wachensturm on 3 April 1833 was a failed attempt to start a revolution in Germany.
Prince Albert of Saxe-Altenburg was a German prince of the ducal house of Saxe-Altenburg.
Since the 18th century Berlin has been an influential musical center in Germany and Europe. First as an important trading city in the Hanseatic League, then as the capital of the electorate of Brandenburg and the Prussian Kingdom, later on as one of the biggest cities in Germany it fostered an influential music culture that remains vital until today. Berlin can be regarded as the breeding ground for the powerful choir movement that played such an important role in the broad socialization of music in Germany during the 19th century.
Klaus Gustav Heinrich von Beyme was a German political scientist who was professor of political science emeritus at the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences of the University of Heidelberg.
Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia was a son of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia and Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau, married in 1854.
Johann Christian Wiegleb was a notable German apothecary and early innovator of chemistry as a science.
Wilhelm Gustav Karl Bernhard von Hahnke was a Prussian Field Marshal, and Chief of the German Imperial Military Cabinet from 1888 to 1901.
Julius Zupitza was a German philologist and one of the founders of English philology in Germany.
Friedrich Karl Walter Degenhard Freiherr von Loë was a Prussian soldier and aristocrat. Loë had the distinction of being one of the few Roman Catholics to reach the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in the Prussian and imperial German armies.
The Militant League for German Culture, was a nationalistic anti-Semitic political society during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. It was founded in 1928 as the Nationalsozialistische Gesellschaft für deutsche Kultur by Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg and remained under his leadership until it was reorganized and renamed to the National Socialist Culture Community in 1934.
Hermann George Bernard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Duke of Saxony, and a general in the Württemberger army.
Paul Sturm was a German art nouveau sculptor, medallist and designer.
Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin Freiherr von Forcade de Biaix, aka Friedrich Wilhelm Leopold Konstantin Quirin von Forcade de Biaix, Herr of Schleibitz, Hamm, Groß-Naedlitz and Loslau, aka the Baron von Forcade,, Royal Prussian Major, Knight of the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 26 August 1813, knighted by His Majesty Frederick William III of Prussia as Knight of the Order of Saint John in 1817, Royal Prussian Chamberlain (Kammerherr) and Castellan (Drost) of Neuenrade in the County of Mark, after his father's death in 1808. He was also a publisher, author, and theater director.
Ewald Grothe is a German historian. Since 2009 he has been an extraordinary professor at the Bergische Universität Wuppertal and since 2011 he has been head of the Archive of Liberalism of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom in Gummersbach.
Johann Friedrich Ahlfeld was a German Lutheran theologian and preacher.
Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz was a Protestant theologian and writer.
Peter Voswinckel is a German physician, author and medical historian. Between 2012 and October 2021, Voswinckel was the head of the archives and the historical research of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology. He is a member of the Siepmann family.
) is a symbol of glassmakers. It is a figure eight (infinity sign) over a sword or cross, illustrating a German glassmaker's saying: Es ist ein unendlich Kreuz, Glas zu machen ("it is an endless cross to make glass").