Related Research Articles
The Bulgars were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other tribal groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including Iranian, Finnic and Hunnic tribes. Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.
Khan Tervel also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources, was the khan of Bulgaria during the First Bulgarian Empire at the beginning of the 8th century. In 705 Emperor Justinian II named him caesar, the first foreigner to receive this title. He was raised a pagan like his grandfather Khan Kubrat. but was later possibly baptised by the Byzantine clergy. Tervel played an important role in defeating the Arabs during the siege of Constantinople in 717–718.
Asparuh was а ruler of Bulgars in the second half of the 7th century and is credited with the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681.
Presian was the Khan of Bulgaria from 836–852. He ruled during an extensive expansion in Macedonia.
Omurtag was a Great Khan (Kanasubigi) of Bulgaria from 814 to 831. He is known as "the Builder".
Kubrat was the ruler of the Onogur–Bulgars, credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca. 632. His name derived from Turkic words qobrat — "to gather", or qurt, i.e. "wolf".
The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama, was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history. Before the Mongol conquest, Russians of Novgorod and Vladimir repeatedly looted and attacked the area, thereby weakening the Bulgar state's economy and military power. The latter ambushed the Mongols in the later 1223 or in 1224. Several clashes occurred between 1229–1234, and the Mongol Empire conquered the Bulgars in 1236.
The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars. The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, and there are many theories about their origin. It is generally considered that they – or at least the elite caste – were intimately related to the origin and activity of the Huns and Western Turkic Khaganate. Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of Great Bulgaria, which was founded by Khan Asparukh's (679–701) father on the steppes of Ukraine. This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.
Organa (Alpo-Morgan) was Kubrat's maternal uncle of the Ermi clan. According to John of Nikiu, he was regent (kavkhan) over the tribe of the Onogur Bulgars from 617 to 630 in place of his nephew, Kubrat, for the time Kubrat was growing up as a hostage in the Byzantine Empire and there is information that Organa accompanied Kubrat on his initial trip to Constantinople. Some historians identified Organa with Gostun and Western Turkic Baghatur Qaghan. Panos Sophoulis considered that Organa is in fact a Turkic title (or-ḡan/qan) rather than a proper name.
Kotrag was according to Nikephoros I of Constantinople a son of Kubrat of the Dulo clan of Bulgars. The Chronicle of Michael the Great calls him Kazarig. Following the death of his father, he began to extend the influence of his Bulgars to the Volga River. He is remembered as the founder of Volga Bulgaria.
The Macedonian dynasty ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest extent since the Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began. The dynasty was named after its founder, Basil I the Macedonian who came from the Theme of Macedonia, which, at the time, was part of Thrace.
The Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans is a short text which is presumed to contain the names of some early Bulgar rulers, their clans, the year of their ascending to the throne according to the cyclic Bulgar calendar and the length of their rule, including the times of joint rule and civil war. It is written in Church Slavonic, but contains a large number of Bulgar names and date terms. The manuscript also does not contain any reference that this is a list of rulers of Bulgaria.
Malamir was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836.
The Battle of Ongal took place in the summer of 680 in the Ongal area, an unspecified location in and around the Danube delta near the Peuce Island, present-day Tulcea County, Romania. It was fought between the Bulgars, who had recently invaded the Balkans, and the Byzantine Empire, which ultimately lost the battle. The battle was crucial for the creation of the First Bulgarian Empire.
Organa Peak is a peak rising to 1270 m in Imeon Range on Smith Island, South Shetland Islands. Situated 6.8 km northeast of Cape James, and 1.85 km south-southwest of Riggs Peak. Overlooking Letnitsa Glacier to the east and southeast, and Kremena Ice Piedmont to the south. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009. Named after the Bulgarian ruler Organa, regent of Bulgars and uncle of Khan Kubrat.
Gostun is a village (село) in southwestern Bulgaria, located in the Bansko Municipality of the Blagoevgrad Province. It is located on the eastern slopes of the Rhodope Mountains, east of Mesta river 17 kilometers southeast of Bansko, 54 kilometers southeast of Blagoevgrad and 103 kilometers southeast of Sofia.
Karposh Point is the ice-free point on the north coast of Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is projecting 500 m into Morton Strait, and is situated 2.3 km west of the extreme northeast point of President Head, 2.5 km east-southeast of Gostun Point, and 4.8 km east-southeast of Cape Timblón. Calliope Beach extends for 2.9 km eastwards from the point.
Gostun Point is the ice-free point on the north coast of Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica situated 2.4 km west-northwest of Karposh Point, and 2.45 km east-southeast of Cape Timblón.
Old Great Bulgaria or Great Bulgaria, also often known by the Latin names Magna Bulgaria and Patria Onoguria, was a 7th-century Nomadic empire formed by the Onogur Bulgars on the western Pontic–Caspian steppe. Great Bulgaria was originally centered between the Dniester and lower Volga.
Grod Island is the southernmost island in the Onogur group off the northwest coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature is low and ice-free, extending 610 m in east-west direction and 200 m wide. It is separated from Robert Island by a 130 m wide passage.
References
- ↑ Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans
- ↑ John of Nikiu, 6th-century historian
  | This Ukrainian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This biography of a member of a European royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |