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Hans Ronald "Harold" Krikke (born 1967) is a widely recognized scientist [1] in Closed Loop Supply Chains. [2]
| | This article needs additional citations for verification .(July 2022) |
Hans Ronald "Harold" Krikke (born 1967) is a widely recognized scientist [1] in Closed Loop Supply Chains. [2]
He studied Industrial Engineering and Management at University of Twente in Enschede.[ citation needed ] He completed his Ph.D. in 1998 in the field of reverse logistics and subsequently he worked as an assistant professor at Erasmus University Rotterdam and as a business consultant at Tebodin.[ citation needed ]
Between 2001 and 2005 Krikke worked as a project manager at CentER Applied Research and in 2005 he was appointed associate professor at the Tilburg School of Economics and Business. [3] In April 2008 Krikke became the professor of Closed Loop Supply Chains at Open University Netherlands. [4] [5]
In 2010, he became the Durabilit Professor of Closed Loop Supply Chains at the Open University Netherlands. [6]
Since 1994 Krikke has conducted research in the field of reverse logistics and specifically the Closed Loop Supply Chain and its relationship with Purchasing, Product Life Cycle Management and Sales & Marketing. [7]
A Closed Loop Supply Chain [2] recovers and reuses all the materials that are involved in the production process, including the final product itself along with its packaging. Steps toward achieving that state involve reducing material flows, thereby reducing and limiting carbon footprint, CO
2 emissions and waste. To manage a closed-loop supply chain optimally, three things are vital. First, match the type of return with the appropriate supply chain. Second, adopt modular reuse, to recover maximal value. Third, the value of re-use data may in some cases be higher than the value of the returns.[ clarification needed ]
According to the closed loop supply chain methodology a product first needs to enter into the re-use loop, then into the remanufacturing loop, and finally in the recycling loop. [8]
Krikke warns that natural resource scarcity is becoming a serious issue. He concludes that there is a lack of data on some resources, but that it is clear that there are less and less materials, energy and water available. Mining companies invest in increasingly remote and politically dangerous areas or in the deep sea to reach ever scarcer reserves. As an example Krikke mentions a large French car manufacturer that was notified by its sustainability officer that most of their factories are located in regions where water is scarce. Because of the high water bills their cars could become unaffordable. Krikke concludes that scarcity of resources have an enormous long term negative environmental and economical impact. A closed loop supply chain and re-using products thus becomes more relevant. [9]
Krikke studied the impact of a copier manufacturer's supply chain on the total carbon footprint of the product [10] and in the handling of end-of-life vehicles. He found that customers knowledge of a product's carbon footprint can affect purchasing decisions, for example new versus second hand. Companies do not routinely calculate carbon footprint data, and often neglect the supply chain portion of that footprint. Outsourcing complicates this calculation.
When looking at refrigerators [11] and cars, 80-90% of CO2 emissions are emitted during the user phase. By contrast, personal computers emit 80-90% of their CO2 emissions during production and distribution. For network switches, routers and cell-phones, 50% of CO2 output occurs in the supply chain. [12] To increase knowledge and awareness of the positive impact of reuse Krikke has developed the "greener network calculator", a unique CO2 calculator that gives a clear overview and insight into how much CO2 emissions are reduced when buying and using second hand/used hardware rather than new hardware. [13]
In commerce, supply chain management (SCM) is the management of the flow of goods and services including all processes that transform raw materials into final products between businesses and locations. This can include the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, finished goods, and end to end order fulfilment from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Interconnected, interrelated or interlinked networks, channels and node businesses combine in the provision of products and services required by end customers in a supply chain.
Life cycle assessment or LCA is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it (grave).
Alternative fuel, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels like; fossil fuels, as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
Used goods mean any item of personal property offered for sale not as new, including metals in any form except coins that are legal tender, but excluding books, magazines, and postage stamps.
The Carbon Trust was developed and launched in 1999-2001 as part of the development of the Climate Change Levy (CCL), a tax on business energy use that still operates today. The Carbon Trust was originally funded by around £50m of tax revenue generated from the Levy to help businesses reduce energy costs and therefore offset the additional cost of paying the CCL. The establishment of the Carbon Trust was announced in the 2000 White Paper "Climate Change - the UK Programme". It was launched alongside the introduction of the CCL in March-April 2001.
An emission intensity is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.
A sustainable business, or a green business, is an enterprise that has minimal negative impact or potentially a positive effect on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy—a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line. They cluster under different groupings and the whole is sometimes referred to as "green capitalism." Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. In general, business is described as green if it matches the following four criteria:
A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, service, place or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbon dioxide and methane, can be emitted through the burning of fossil fuels, land clearance, and the production and consumption of food, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, transportation and other services.
Food miles is the distance food is transported from the time of its making until it reaches the consumer. Food miles are one factor used when testing the environmental impact of food, such as the carbon footprint of the food.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an attempt to remove carbon dioxide after burning gas, oil, coal or biomass before it enters the atmosphere, and to store it. The technology has a success rate of between 50-68% of captured carbon, while aspirations of a 90% or 100% capture rate have not been achieved.
Reuse is the action or practice of using an item, whether for its original purpose or to fulfill a different function. It should be distinguished from recycling, which is the breaking down of used items to make raw materials for the manufacture of new products. Reuse – by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items – helps save time, money, energy and resources. In broader economic terms, it can make quality products available to people and organizations with limited means, while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy.
Greenhouse gas accounting or carbon accounting is a framework of methods to measure and track how much greenhouse gas (GHG) an organization emits. It can also be used to track projects or actions to reduce emissions in areas such as forestry or renewable energy. Corporations, cities and other groups use these techniques to help limit climate change. They typically set an emissions baseline, create targets for reducing emissions, and track progress towards them. This is often done to address social responsibility concerns, or meet legal requirements. GHG accounting enables them to calculate and report GHG emissions in a consistent and transparent manner.
Biomass is plant-based material used as a fuel for heat or electricity production. It can be in the form of wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households. Some people use the terms biomass and biofuel interchangeably, while others consider biofuel to be a liquid or gaseous fuel used for transportation, as defined by government authorities in the US and EU. The European Union's Joint Research Centre defines solid biofuel as raw or processed organic matter of biological origin used for energy, such as firewood, wood chips, and wood pellets.
Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil and gas companies. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but have been consistent among all greenhouse gases (GHGs). Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than any decade before. Each year, about 6.7 million people die from polluted air quality.
Sustainable packaging is the development and use of packaging which results in improved sustainability. This involves increased use of life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to help guide the use of packaging which reduces the environmental impact and ecological footprint. It includes a look at the whole of the supply chain: from basic function, to marketing, and then through to end of life (LCA) and rebirth. Additionally, an eco-cost to value ratio can be useful The goals are to improve the long term viability and quality of life for humans and the longevity of natural ecosystems. Sustainable packaging must meet the functional and economic needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability is not necessarily an end state but is a continuing process of improvement.
Sustainable consumption is the use of products and services in ways that minimize impacts on the environment in order for human needs to be met in the present but also for future generations. Sustainable consumption is often paralleled with sustainable production; consumption refers to use and disposal not just by individuals and households, but also by governments, businesses, and other organizations. Sustainable consumption is closely related to sustainable production and sustainable lifestyles. "A sustainable lifestyle minimizes ecological impacts while enabling a flourishing life for individuals, households, communities, and beyond. It is the product of individual and collective decisions about aspirations and about satisfying needs and adopting practices, which are in turn conditioned, facilitated, and constrained by societal norms, political institutions, public policies, infrastructures, markets, and culture."
A water footprint shows the extent of water use in relation to consumption by people. The water footprint of an individual, community, or business is defined as the total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of time. A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers or producers, for a single process or for any product or service.
The environmental impact of the petroleum industry is extensive and expansive due to petroleum having many uses. Crude oil and natural gas are primary energy and raw material sources that enable numerous aspects of modern daily life and the world economy. Their supply has grown quickly over the last 150 years to meet the demands of rapidly increasing human population, creativity, knowledge, and consumerism.
A circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. CE aims to tackle global challenges as climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and the regeneration of nature. CE is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy. The idea and concepts of circular economy (CE) have been studied extensively in academia, business, and government over the past ten years. CE has been gaining popularity since it helps to minimize emissions and consumption of raw materials, open up new market prospects and principally, increase the sustainability of consumption and improve resource efficiency.
Regenerative agriculture is a conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems. It focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting biosequestration, increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil.
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