| Harun Ar-Rashid | |
|---|---|
 Sultan Harun Ar-Rashid in 1886 | |
| Sultan of Sulu | |
| Reign | 1886–1894 |
| Predecessor | Mohammed Badarud-Din II |
| Successor | Jamalul Kiram II |
Sultan Harun Ar-Rashid was a sultan of Sulu from 1886 to 1894. [1] He was confirmed a sultan by the Spanish colonial government and was appointed in September 24, 1886. His reign ended in 1894 due to the lack of support from fellow Sulus and regional unrest. He was removed from appointment by Spanish authorities. [2] [3]
As datu, he went to Manila alone and Governor Juan Arolas recommended him for sultanate. Governor-General Emilio Terrero y Perinat received authority from Madrid to take action for the appointment of Datu Harun. Datu Harun was appointed sultan of Sulu on September 24, 1886. [2]
For the celebration of his appointment, Harun was escorted to Jolo, Sulu by 200 Spanish soldiers for his return from Manila. He made plans to go to Parang in order to make allegiance with his people. Unfortunately, his appointment was met with dissatisfaction. He retired in Jolo for his safety. The Sulu chiefs, with arms, demanded that Amirul Kiram should be sultanate. [2]
Amirul Kiram's activities and the Maimbung forces' attacks on Parang caused significant unrest in the region. [4] [2] Harun's sultanate was unpopular with many datus, leading to hostilities and violence in various localities. The kutas of Bwisan and Timahu were attacked, and many people were killed. Hostilities spread to Siasi, and Jolo was attacked by a large Sulu force in February 1887. The garrison repelled the attack, but the town continued to be harassed by juramentados and hostile bands. Small expeditions were sent to Tapul, Lugus, and Siasi, but active measures against Maimbung were delayed until reinforcements arrived. [2]
On July 1887, Inchi Jamila went to Jolo to expressed their surrender on behalf of her husband Raja Muda Amirul Kiram to Sultan Harun and Sulu Governor Arolas. Arolas responded that, to made submission possible, Amirul Kiram must surrender himself. [2]
The Spanish conducted expeditions against Kadungdung, southern Lu’uk, and Pata Island. The troops faced numerous hardships and killed many Sulus. Sultan Harun cooperated with the Spanish and explored inaccessible areas. While it was believed that Amirul Kiram's partisans were defeated, this was not the case. In October 1887, Bwal and the northern Lu’uk district were punished, resulting in the evacuation of Sulus and the destruction of houses. In 1888, large-scale expeditions were conducted against various Sulu localities, leading to the deaths of hundreds or thousands of Sulus. Despite these efforts, Arolas's attempts to impose Sultan Harun on the people were unsuccessful. [2]
General Arolas was replaced by Col. Cesar Mattos and then Gen. Venancio Hernandez in 1893. Unlike Arolas, these successors saw Sultan Harun as weak and burdensome. In 1894, Sultan Harun was removed from power and returned to Palawan. During his time as sultan, Harun lived in Mubu, Jolo. He had ambitions for reform but lacked strong support from his people and faced constant struggles for allegiance. [2] He was succeeded by Amirul Kiram, famously known as Jamalul Kiram II. [5] [3]
Sultan Harun would wear luxurious European attire. For the sultan, having European elements in his clothing showed his political authority and to show Spanish authorities his status in Sulu. [6]
He also embraced European etiquette and speaked with a military accent to showcase his power and authority. [6]
The Sulu Archipelago is a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern Philippines. The archipelago forms the northern limit of the Celebes Sea and southern limit of the Sulu Sea. The Sulu Archipelago islands are within the Mindanao island group, consisting of the Philippines provinces of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi; hence the archipelago is sometimes referred to as Basulta, derived from the first syllables of the three provinces.
Sulu, officially the Province of Sulu, is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago.
The Sultanate of Sulu was a Sunni Muslim state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Zamboanga City and certain portions of Palawan in the today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah and North Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.
The Tausūg, are an ethnic group of the Philippines and Malaysia. A small population can also be found in the northern part of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Tausūg are part of the wider political identity of Muslim Filipinos of western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and southern Palawan, collectively referred to as the Moro people. The Tausugs originally had an independent state known as the Sultanate of Sulu, which once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga City, eastern part of Sabah and eastern part of North Kalimantan. They are also known in the Malay language as Suluk.
Jolo is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines and the primary island of the province of Sulu, on which the capital of the same name is situated. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Borneo and Mindanao, and has a population of approximately 500,000 people.
Jolo, officially the Municipality of Jolo, is a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 137,266 people.
Maimbung, officially the Municipality of Maimbung, is a 5th class municipality in the province of Sulu, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 59,597 people.
The Battle of Bud Bagsak took place during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine–American War fought between June 11 and 15, 1913. The defending Moro fighters were fortified at the top of Mount Bagsak on the island of Jolo, Sulu. The attacking Americans were led by General John 'Black Jack' Pershing. The Moros were entirely annihilated, including their leader, Datu Amil.
Jamalul ibni Punjungan Kiram III was a former self-proclaimed Sultan of the Sulu Sultanate who claimed to be "the poorest sultan in the world". He was known as an unsuccessful candidate for senator in the Philippine general elections in 2007. In 2013, Kiram III sparked a controversy when he revived a dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia by leading an intrusion into the eastern part of Sabah. His daughter is Princess Jacel Kiram, a proponent of the Sabah claim of the Philippines in 2016.
Sultan Muwallil Wasit, is the 9th Sultan of Sulu and was also known as Rajah Bongsu I. His birth name was Pangiran Shahbandar Maharajalela, and was the youngest son of former Sultan of Brunei Muhammad Hassan. He reigned in Sulu after his uncle, Sultan Batara Shah Tengah died without an heir. He was most likely sent to Sulu to end dynastic troubles there, as he was begot of the marriage of Batara Tengah's Sister, and the Sultan of Brunei. On his coming to Sulu in 1609, he was brought by his father Sultan Muhammad Hassan brought along with his royal symbol's called as "Pulau Janggi" and "Sepong Janggi". This royal symbol was a symbol of brotherhood between the Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of Brunei and as a royal proof that Raja Bongsu-I really belonged to the royal family of Brunei.
Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram is the head of the Royal House of Sulu, a position which he has held since 16 February 1986. As the eldest son of the former Sultan Mohammad Mahakuttah Abdulla Kiram, he is a claimant to the defunct throne of the Sultanate of Sulu. As the last Crown Prince officially recognized by the Philippine government, he is the 35th Sultan of Sulu.
The Royal House of Sulu is an Islamic royal house which ruled the Sulu Sultanate. In 1962, the Philippine Government under the leadership of President Diosdado Macapagal, who himself was a distant cousin of the Sulu Sultans, counting among his ancestors Princess Laila Menchanai of Sulu, the great-grandmother of the Muslim king of Manila, Rajah Sulayman, officially recognized the continued existence of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu.
The Spanish–Moro conflict was a series of battles in the Philippines lasting more than three centuries. It began during the Spanish Philippines and lasted until the Spanish–American War, when Spain finally began to subjugate the Moro people after centuries of attempts to do so. Spain ultimately conquered portions of the Mindanao and Jolo islands and turned the Sultanate of Sulu into a protectorate, establishing geographic dominance over the region until the Spanish-American War. Moro resistance continued.
Ismael ibni Punjungan Kiram II was a self-proclaimed Sultan of the Sultanate of Sulu from 12 March 2001 until his death on 19 September 2015.
Jamalul Kiram II was the sultan of Sulu from 1894 to 1915. During his long reign, he signed treaties with several nations. He served under both Spain and the United States.
Abd ul-Bagui Butu Rasul, better known as Hadji Butu, was a Filipino statesman, politician and senator during the 4th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Philippine Legislatures, representing the 12th senatorial district.
The Kiram–Bates Treaty, also known as the Bates Treaty, was a treaty signed by the United States and the Sultanate of Sulu during the Philippine–American War. The treaty functioned to prevent the entry of the Sulu Sultanate into the Philippine–American War while the United States concentrated its forces in northern Luzon.
Jamal ul-Azam, also spelled Jamalul Azam, was the sultan of Sulu from 1862 to 1881. He was infamous for his maintenance of extensive contracts with British and German traders. These were done to counter Spanish dominance in Mindanao. In 1878, he allowed Gustav Overbeck to have north Borneo.
Mohammed Badarud-Din II (d.1884), was sultan of Sulu from 1881 to 1884. He succeeded Jamal ul-Azam shortly after his death. He became sultan at the age of 19 and died in 1884 at the age of 22.
Mohammad Pulalun Kiram was sultan of Sulu from 1844 to 1862. He succeeded his father, Jamalul Kiram I. During his reign, Spanish expedition to Sulu was led by Governor-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua and subsequent conflict with the Spanish military under Governor-General Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo. As sultan, he was known for his political administration making the Royal House of Kiram extend its influence and fame among Sulus.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Due to considerable public disorder and discontent, the Spanish Government replaced him with Jamalul Kiram, a brother of Sultan Badaruddin in 1894.