Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal was a Somali politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. He previously served as the prime minister of the State of Somaliland between 26 June and 1 July 1960 and as the first prime minister of the Somali Republic for eleven days in 1960 and again from 1967 to 1969.
The Habar Yoonis alternatively spelled as Habr Yunis is a major clan part of the wider Isaaq. As descendants of Ismail bin Sheikh Isaaq,its members form a part of the wider Habar Magaadle confederation which constitutes the largest sub-clan of the Isaaq.
The Arap or Arab clan is a major Northern Somali clan of the wider Isaaq clan family. The Arap predominantly live on the middle and southwest side of Hargeisa and in the Baligubadle district Hawd region) of Somaliland,with its capital Baligubadle being an exclusively Arap territory. The territory of the clan extends to Ethiopia,in the area of Faafan,gursum,dhagahle. The Abdalle Arab,a sub-clan of the Arap clan is based in the Togdheer,Sahil. The Celi Arab,a sub-clan of the Arap clan is based in Maroodi Jeex Hargeisa Muuse celi arab living also Bakool South West State of Somalia Rabdhure Elbarde,They also live Fafan Zone Gursum,Somali Sheekh cismaan Arab based in Nogob Zone Jarar Zone regions.
The Isaaq is a major Somali clan family. It is one of the largest Somali clan families in the Horn of Africa,with a large and densely populated traditional territory.
The Habr Garhajis also contemporarily known as the Garhajis is a major clan of the wider Isaaq clan family. They are the traditional holders of the Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate since the 18th century. As descendants of Ismail bin Sheikh Isaaq,its members form a part of the Habar Magaadle confederation,and they constitute the largest sub-clan of the Isaaq. The Garhajis are divided into two major sub-clans:the Habr Yunis and Eidagale. They are traditionally nomadic pastoralists,merchants and skilled poets.
Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud "Silanyo" is a Somaliland politician who was President of Somaliland from 2010 to 2017. He is a long-time member of the government,having served as Minister of Commerce of the Somali Republic,and among other Cabinet positions. During the 1980s,he also served as the Chairman of the Somali National Movement.
The Somali National Movement was one of the first and most important organized guerilla groups and Mujahideen groups that opposed the Siad Barre regime in the 1980s to the 1990s,as well as being the main anti-government faction during the Somaliland War of Independence. The organisation was founded in London,England,on April 6,1981 by Hassan Isse Jama,Hassan Adan Wadadid,and Ahmed Mohamed Gulaid and other former Somali diplomats,who stated that initially the group's purpose was to overthrow the Siad Barre regime.
The Somali Rebellion was the beginning of the civil war in Somalia that occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. The rebellion started in 1978 when President Siad Barre began using his special forces,the "Red Berets",to attack clan-based dissident groups opposed to his regime. The dissidents had been becoming more powerful for nearly a decade following his abrupt switch of allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States and the disastrous 1977-78 Ogaden War.
Over the course of the Somali Civil War,there have been many revolutionary movements and militia groups run by competing rebel leaders which have held de facto control over vast areas within Somalia.
The Habr Awal,also contemporarily known as the Awal,and alternately known as the Zubeyr Awal is a major Northern Somali clan of the wider Isaaq clan family,and is further divided into eight sub-clans of whom the two largest and most prominent are the Issa Musa and Sa'ad Musa sub-clans. Its members form a part of the Habar Magadle confederation.
The 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War occurred between June and August 1982 when Ethiopia,sending a 10,000 man invasion force backed by warplanes and armored units,supported by thousands of Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) rebels invaded central Somalia.
Musa Bihi Abdi is a Somaliland politician and former military officer who has been President of Somaliland since December 2017. During the 1970s,he served as a pilot in the Somali Air Force under the Siad Barre administration. In 2010,Bihi was appointed the chairman of the ruling Kulmiye of Republic of Somaliland. In November 2015,Bihi was selected as the party's Presidential Candidate at the 5th annual central committee convention.
The Isaaq genocide,also known as the Hargeisa holocaust,was the systematic,state-sponsored genocide of Isaaq civilians between 1987 and 1989 by the Somali Democratic Republic,under the dictatorship of Siad Barre,during the Somaliland War of Independence. The number of civilian deaths in this massacre is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000,according to various sources,whilst local reports estimate the total civilian deaths to be upwards of 200,000 Isaaq civilians. The genocide also included the levelling and complete destruction of the second and third largest cities in the Somali Republic,Hargeisa and Burao,respectively,and had caused up to 500,000 Somalis of the region,primarily of the Isaaq clan,to flee their land and cross the border to Hartasheikh in Ethiopia as refugees in what was described as "one of the fastest and largest forced movements of people recorded in Africa",which resulted in the creation of the world's largest refugee camp then (1988),with another 400,000 being displaced. The scale of destruction led to Hargeisa being known as the 'Dresden of Africa'. The killings happened during the Somali Civil War and have been referred to as a "forgotten genocide".
The Somaliland Peace Process refers to the series of grassroot initiatives that brought peace to Somaliland after the collapse of central government of Somalia. In conjunction with the Somali National Movement,communities in Somaliland negotiated a series of truces to end hostilities and address the grievances between the communities who were often on opposing sides to the Barre regime.
The Somaliland Declaration of Independence was made on 18 May 1991 by Somali sultans from the Isaaq,Dhulbahante,Issa,Gadabursi,Warsangali clans,as well as the Somali National Movement.
The Reer Caynaashe also spelled Reer Caynaanshe are a royal Somali clan and were the dynastic rulers of the Habr Yunis Sultanate. They divide into 17 major sub-clans that together form the Baha Ainanshe and Rer Sugulle,from the latter descend the rulers of the Habr Yunis Sultanate. They inhabit the Togdheer and Maroodi Jeex regions of Somaliland and the Daroor,Danot and Misraq Gashamo regions of Ethiopia
The Sa'ad Musa or Saad Musa is a northern Somali clan. Its members form a part of the Habr Awal sub-clan of the Isaaq clan family. The Sa'ad Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists,coastal people,merchants and farmers. The clan inhabits Somaliland,including Maroodi Jeex,and Sahil as well as Djibouti,the Somali Region of Ethiopia,Kenya and Tanzania.
The Somaliland War of Independence was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland,the Isaaq,including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978.
Abdilahi Husein Iman Darawal is a Somaliland politician and former senior SNM senior commander. Darawal belongs to the Arap clan of the wider Isaaq clan family.
The 1988 Hargeisa-Burao offensive was a major offensive conducted during the Somaliland War of Independence in May 1988 by the Somali National Movement on the cities of Hargeisa and Burao,then the second and third largest cities of Somalia. The SNM captured Burao on 27 May within two hours,while the SNM entered Hargeisa on 29 May,overrunning most of the city apart from its airport by 1 June. During the offensive the Somali National Army committed gross human rights violations,including attacking the civilian population using heavy artillery and tanks.
