Related Research Articles
Clinical chemistry is the area of chemistry that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. It is an applied form of biochemistry.
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while jaundice in babies is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life. The most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice are itchiness, pale feces, and dark urine.
Bilirubin (BR) is a red-orange compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. This catabolism is a necessary process in the body's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged or abnormal red blood cells. In the first step of bilirubin synthesis, the heme molecule is stripped from the hemoglobin molecule. Heme then passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism, which varies according to the region of the body in which the breakdown occurs. For example, the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the feces. The production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic pathway, after which the enzyme biliverdin reductase performs the second step, producing bilirubin from biliverdin.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.
Polyuria is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine. Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis. Polyuria often appears in conjunction with polydipsia, though it is possible to have one without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Primary polydipsia may lead to polyuria. Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder, but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.
Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver. Enterohepatic circulation is an especially important concept in the field of toxicology as many lipophilic xenobiotics undergo this process causing repeated liver damage.
Agnathia is absence of a portion or the entirety of one or both jaws. It is a very rare condition.
Urobilin or urochrome is the chemical primarily responsible for the yellow color of urine. It is a linear tetrapyrrole compound that, along with the related colorless compound urobilinogen, are degradation products of the cyclic tetrapyrrole heme.
The connecting stalk, or body stalk also known as the allantoic stalk is a yolk sac diverticulum, that by the third week of development connects the embryo to its shell of trophoblasts. With the formation of the caudal fold, the body-stalk assumes a ventral position; a diverticulum of the yolk-sac extends into the tail fold and is termed the hindgut. Progressive expansion of the amnion from the umbilical ring creates a tube of amniotic membrane. The amniotic membrane and its contents form the umbilical cord that connects the embryo and the placenta.
The Sakaguchi test is a chemical test used to detect presence of arginine in proteins. It is named after the Japanese food scientist and organic chemist, Shoyo Sakaguchi (1900–1995) who described the test in 1925. The Sakaguchi reagent used in the test consists of 1-Naphthol and a drop of sodium hypobromite. The guanidino (–C group in arginine reacts with the Sakaguchi reagent to form a red-coloured complex.
The Hopkins-Cole reaction, also known as the glyoxylic acid reaction, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. A protein solution is mixed with Hopkins Cole reagent, which consists of glyoxylic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to form two layers. A purple ring appears between the two layers if the test is positive for tryptophan. Nitrites, chlorates, nitrates and excess chlorides prevent the reaction from occurring.
The Sullivan reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of cysteine or cystine in proteins. A red colour appears when a protein with cysteine or cystine is heated with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate and sodium dithionite under alkaline conditions. This was pioneered by the American Organic and Industrial Chemist, Eugene Cornelius Sullivan (1872–1962).
Nylander's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of reducing sugars. Glucose or fructose reduces bismuth oxynitrate to bismuth under alkaline conditions. When Nylander's reagent, which consists of bismuth nitrate, potassium sodium tartrate and potassium hydroxide, is added to a solution with reducing sugars, a black precipitate of metallic bismuth is formed.
Heller's test is a chemical test that shows that strong acids cause the denaturation of precipitated proteins. Concentrated nitric acid is added to a protein solution from the side of the test tube to form two layers. A white ring appears between the two layers if the test is positive. Heller's test is commonly used to test for the presence of proteins in urine. This test was discovered by the Austrian Chemist, Johann Florian Heller (1813-1871).
Gunzberg's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of hydrochloric acid. Gunzberg's reagent is made by dissolving two grams of phloroglucinol and one gram of vanillin in 100 millilitres of 95% ethanol. Hydrochloric acid catalyses Gunzberg's reagent to form a red complex.
Kelling's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of lactic acid in gastric juice.
Gmelin's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of bile pigments in urine. It is named after Leopold Gmelin, who introduced the test. Five millilitres of urine is slowly added to five millilitres of concentrated nitric acid in a test-tube. Different coloured rings between the two layers are visible if bile pigments are present as they are oxidised to various chemical products. Nitric acid is used as the oxidising agent. Blue, green and violet rings are seen if bilirubin is present. Gmelin's test is not sensitive so a positive result always indicates the presence of bile pigments but a negative result does not exclude the presence of small quantities of bile pigments.
Salivary gland hypoplasia is relative underdevelopment of the Salivary glands. Salivary gland hypoplasia tends to produce xerostomia, with all the associated problems this brings.
John Ebnezar is known for promoting wholistic orthopedics, a practice combining modern medical techniques with yoga for the management of Osteoarthritis of the knees and other chronic Orthopedic problems like lower back pain, neck pain, frozen shoulder etc. He was twice listed by the Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 and 2012 for the most books written by an individual in one year.
Duru Shah is a Mumbai-based Gynecologist and academic. She is the founder and president of PCOS Society and a promoter of women's health and adolescents health in India. Shah is also the guide for postgraduate students in Obs. Gyn. for Doctorate of Medicine at Mumbai University. She is the Scientific Director of Gynaecworld and the Gynaecworld Assisted Fertility Center, Mumbai. Dr Duru Shah has authored 5 books and published various research articles. Shah is also the promoter of Metropolis Healthcare Ltd. She is a member of the Editorial board of The Obstetrician & Gynecologist (TOG), Climacteric and the Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. In 2000, Dr Shah initiated Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) called "Growing Up.Dr. Shah is also the founding member and trustee of the Women’s Empowerment Foundation, a non-profit organization established in 2014 that focuses on gender violence and women’s rights.
References
- ↑ D M Vasudevan (2013). Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students. JP Medical Ltd. p. 350. ISBN 978-93-5090-530-2.
- ↑ Ashok Kumar J (1 January 2007). Textbook of Biochemistry for Nurses. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 208. ISBN 978-81-89866-45-7.
- ↑ Harsh Mohan (30 November 2012). Pathology Practical Book. JP Medical Ltd. p. 169. ISBN 978-93-5090-266-0.
- ↑ Dandekar (1 January 2004). Practicals And Viva In Medical Biochemistry. Elsevier India. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-8147-025-6.
- ↑ Chary (1 January 2004). Practical Biochemistry for Medical and Dental Students. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-81-8061-233-6.
 | This article about analytical chemistry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |