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The exilarch was the leader of the Jewish community in Persian Mesopotamia during the era of the Parthians, Sasanians and Abbasid Caliphate up until the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258 CE, with intermittent gaps due to ongoing political developments. The exilarch was regarded by the Jewish community as the royal heir of the House of David and held a place of prominence as both a rabbinical authority and as a noble within the Persian court. Within the Sasanian Empire, the exilarch was the political equivalent of the Catholicos of the Christian Church of the East, and was thus responsible for community-specific organizational tasks such as running the rabbinical courts, collecting taxes from Jewish communities, supervising and providing financing for the Talmudic academies in Babylonia, and the charitable re-distribution and financial assistance to needy members of the exile community. The position of exilarch was hereditary, held in continuity by a family that traced its patrilineal descent from antiquity stemming from king David.
Hakham is a term in Judaism, meaning a wise or skillful man; it often refers to someone who is a great Torah scholar. It can also refer to any cultured and learned person: "He who says a wise thing is called a hakham, even if he be not a Jew." Hence, in Talmudic-Midrashic literature, wise gentiles are commonly called hakhmei ummot ha-'olam.
Yosef Dayan is a Mexican-Israeli Orthodox rabbi and right-wing Israeli monarchist and nationalist, who claims to be the most senior heir to the Davidic line. He is the founder and director of Malchut Israel, a religious right-wing political party which advocates for a monarchy in Israel. In 2004, Dayan became a founding member of the newly reconstituted Sanhedrin. He is the author of several books in Hebrew, Spanish, and Italian and has worked to translate modern Spanish literature into Hebrew.
Anno Lucis is a dating system used in Masonic ceremonial or commemorative proceedings, which is equivalent to the Gregorian year plus 4000. It is similar to Anno Mundi.
Berechiah is a Jewish name that occurs several times in the Bible. It is derived from Berakhah, "blessing".
Jehoiada in the Hebrew Bible, was a prominent priest in the kingdom of Judah during the reigns of Ahaziah, Athaliah, and Joash. Jehoiada became the brother-in-law of King Ahaziah as a result of his marriage with princess Jehosheba. Both Jehosheba and Ahaziah were children of King Jehoram of Judah. Ahaziah died a year after assuming the throne, which was then usurped by his mother Athaliah, who ordered the execution of all members of the royal family.
Seder Olam Rabbah is a 2nd-century CE Hebrew language chronology detailing the dates of biblical events from creation to Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia. It adds no stories beyond what is in the biblical text, and addresses such questions as the age of Isaac at his binding and the number of years that Joshua led the Israelites. Tradition considers it to have been written about 160 CE by Jose ben Halafta, but it was probably also supplemented and edited at a later period.
Seder Olam Zutta is an anonymous chronicle from 803 CE, called "Zuta" to distinguish it from the older Seder Olam Rabbah. This work is based upon, and to a certain extent completes and continues, the older aforementioned chronicle. It consists of two main parts: the first, comprising about three-fifths of the whole, deals with the chronology of the 50 generations from Adam to Jehoiakim, the second deals with 39 generations of exilarchs, beginning with Jehoiachin and going until the 9th century CE.
Seder Olam is the name of two works of early rabbinical literature dealing largely with religious chronology. The two works are:
Mar-Zutra III, also called Mar-Zutra bar Mar-Zutra, according to the Seder Olam Zutta, was the posthumous and only son of the 30th Exilarch of Babylon, Mar-Zutra II. He lived at the beginning of the Savora period. Mar-Zutra II had been crucified on the bridge of Mahuza by King Kavadh I for allegedly trying to obtain by force of arms a sort of political independence for the Jews of Babylon. Mar-Zutra III, who was born on the same day as his father's death, did not attain the office of exilarch. He was raised secretly and traveled in 520 CE, aged 18, to the Land of Israel. where he became head of the Academy of Tiberias or "Sanhedrin", under the title of "Resh Pirka" ('Aρχιφεκίτησ), several generations of his descendants succeeding him in this office. His grandson, Paltoi ben Abaye and great-grandson, Zemah ben Paltoi both served as the Gaon of Pumbedita.
Aaron ibn Sargado or Aaron ben R. Joseph ha-Kohen was a tenth-century AD gaon in Pumbedita, Babylonia. He was a son of Joseph ha-Kohen.
Zutta may refer to:
Rav Huna Kamma was a rabbi of the 2nd century CE and Babylonian Exilarch, allegedly descending from King David. The Seder Olam Zutta refers to him as "Anani", both names being a derivative of "Hananiah". The exact time of his tenure as exilarch is unknown, but it was estimated to have been between 170 and 210 AD.
Nahum or Nehunyon was a Jewish Exilarch of the 2nd century AD according to the Seder Olam Zutta residing within the Parthian Empire. He is believed to be one of the oldest identifiable members of the house of the Exilarch in Babylonia as no explicit mention to one is noted before his tenure. Very little is known about him or about the nature of the office that he served during his own lifetime. He was allegedly succeeded as Exilarch by his brother, Johanan.
Johanan was a Jewish Exilarch of the 2nd century AD succeeding his brother Nahum. according to the Seder Olam Zutta. He is either the son or descendant of Akkub, although more likely he is the son of Ahijah. The date of his tenure is disputed.
Shaphat was a Jewish Exilarch of the 2nd century AD succeeding his father Johanan. Little is known about him or the office of the exilarch at this time. His name is found in most surviving genealogical lines of Davidic descent. He was the father of his successor Huna Kamma, who is the first exilarch whose authority was recognized outside of the realm of Babylonia.
Ahijah was a Jewish Exilarch of the 2nd century CE. There are no known holders of the office prior to his tenure. His name does not appear in the Seder Olam Zutta. He is potentially the son of Akkub who is commonly noted in contemporary Jewish genealogies.
Hasdai, or Hisday, a derivative of 'Hasadiah', was a Jewish Exilarch of the late 7th century AD, succeeding his father Bostanai to the office. Some sources allege he left no male heirs, and the succession went with the descendants of his brother, Baradoi. Alternatively, the exilarch Solomon I is said to be his son and eventually heir. Little to nothing is known about his tenure as exilarch beyond the legal dispute that he had with his Persian half-siblings and their mother.
Uriah, in the Book of Kings, was a High Priest of Israel who served during the reign of Ahaz.
References
- ↑ Seder Olam Zutta from the Jewish Encyclopedia.
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