Headspace (firearms)

Last updated September 02, 2024

A pistol cartridge which headspaces off the case mouth, e.g. .45 ACP Headspace.png — A pistol cartridge which headspaces off the case mouth, e.g. .45 ACP

In firearms, headspace is the distance measured from a closed chamber's breech face to the chamber feature that limits the insertion depth of a cartridge placed in it. Used as a verb by firearms designers, headspacing refers to the act of stopping deeper cartridge insertion. The exact part of the cartridge that seats against the limiting chamber feature differs among cartridge and gun designs.^[1] In general, bottleneck rifle cartridges headspace on their case shoulders; rimmed cartridges headspace on the forward surfaces of their case rims; and rimless pistol cartridges headspace on their case mouths. The case belts on belted cartridges were originally added to allow headspacing on the belt's forward surface, But in practice, this is often vestigial, and rifles chambered for belted cartridges may well headspace them on their shoulders and still be within CIP or SAAMI dimensional limits. However, belted cartridges and their corresponding chambers at their nominal CIP or SAAMI dimensions (maximum cartridge in minimum chamber) will headspace on the belt.

When the headspace is larger than the cartridge case, there is front-to-back cartridge wiggle room when the breech of the gun is closed. This extra space is called head clearance. Many, including some major manufacturers, confuse head clearance with headspace in their literature. This commonplace error is explained in the glossary of firearms terms maintained by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), which is the ASTM standards organization for the U.S. firearms and ammunition industry. Excessive head clearance is undesirable for several reasons. It can allow a cartridge to slide forward beyond the distance within which the firing pin has the ability to adequately indent the primer for reliable ignition (though extractor hooks may act as the replacement headspace determinant in this situation). In chamber designs that don't fully support the case head, excess headspace can allow a case to expand excessively, which can thin or crack open the brass. Thus, the cartridge can rupture rearward, which releases hot gases under high pressure that can damage the firearm and injure or even kill the shooter or bystanders.^[1]

If a chamber's headspace is too short, the gun may be unable to go fully into battery (close and lock completely), preventing firing.

Cartridge types

Firearms chambered for tapered rimmed cartridges like this .303 British cannot safely fire shorter cartridges. .303ammunition.jpeg — Firearms chambered for tapered rimmed cartridges like this .303 British cannot safely fire shorter cartridges.

All small arms cartridges have a flange at the base of the case called a rim. The part of the firearm called an extractor claw hooks over the rim to extract the spent case from the chamber after it has been fired. The cartridge is said to be of a rimmed type when the rim is of larger diameter than the remainder of the case. Most early cartridges were rimmed, and the rim-stop ledge at the rear of the chamber prevents the cartridge from moving forward. Headspace for rimmed cartridges is the space between that forward ledge and the bolt face when the action is closed.^[1]

The cartridge is said to be rimless if the extractor groove is machined into the head of the case so the rim is the same diameter as the adjacent part of the case. Most modern automatic firearms use rimless cartridges. Straight-walled rimless cartridges often headspace on the forward lip of the cartridge as shown in the diagram at the top of this article. This necessitates careful attention to consistent case length. Bottle-necked rimless cartridges are intended to headspace on the conical shoulder between the narrow neck and the larger diameter portion of the case.^[1]

Some large rimless magnum cartridges have a belt formed above the extractor groove. This belt is of slightly larger diameter than the adjacent case, so the cartridge can headspace from the forward edge of the belt closest to the bullet.^[1] The original purpose of the belt was to give accurate headspacing for cartridges with shallow shoulder angles, where longitudinal precision of seating using such a shoulder presents difficulties. In effect this was similar to the headspacing function of a rim, but gave a long enough surface for cartridges to lie side-by-side in a magazine without risk of interference during the feed-stroke. The adoption of the belt as headspacing feature on rounds such as the .300 H&H Magnum and its derivatives ultimately started a fashion that resulted in most later magnum rifle cartridges featuring belts.

Some more or less straight cartridges have no bottleneck on which to headspace. Such cylindrical shaped cartridge cases use the case mouth (the forward end of a cartridge case) as a forward positioned flange used for headspacing.

C.I.P. ammunition approval procedure and headspace

The standards organization Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (Permanent International Commission for Firearms Testing - commonly abbreviated as C.I.P. or CIP) uses a rimless, rimmed, magnum, pistol and revolver and rimfire cartridges classification to differentiate between hundreds of different small arms chamberings.^[2] The dimensional checking of the ammunition, as described in the C.I.P. Decisions, Texts and Tables, is left to the manufacturers themselves. During C.I.P. ammunition approval headspace is not checked, even on rimless cartridges with taper. The view is that in the very unlikely case (according to the current quality standards) the cartridge is too long, once pressed by the bolt, the chambering force will rise too high causing rejection. If it is too short, firing will fail also causing rejection.

Theory

A firearm cartridge case serves multiple functions. The most obvious role is to provide a container for the powder, bullet, and primer. Additionally though, upon firing, the expanding case seals the breech of the firearm to prevent burning powder gas from escaping rearward. Most cartridge cases are made of brass and expand under pressure to form a closed gas tight fit with the sides of the chamber, and then contract slightly so that the case remains loose and can be removed. Centerfire cartridge cases are thicker near the base to prevent expansion into openings between the rear end of the barrel and the action where the cartridge case is not fully enclosed or supported by the chamber.^[3]

When a firearm has more headspace than the cartridge design anticipated, the closing of the bolt or impact of the firing pin may move the cartridge forward to leave space between the chamber face of the action and the base of the cartridge. Pressure of burning powder gasses expands the thinner forward walls of the cartridge case to firmly grip against the sides of the chamber preventing rearward motion. The thicker base of the cartridge case (or sometimes the primer) may then be forced back into available space at the rear of the chamber, causing the case to stretch. Where rearward movement exceeds cartridge design, the primer may rupture or the base of the cartridge case may begin to separate from the forward walls. Either type of failure may release high pressure gas and case fragments from the action of the firearm. These may cause burns, cuts, or eye injury to the shooter or persons standing nearby.^[1]

Headspace is a critical consideration in any firearm. It should be checked by a competent person using the appropriate headspace gauges prior to using the firearm.

Gauges

To check that a firearm's headspace is within manufacturer's tolerances, manufacturers supply Go/no go gauges. These gauges are pieces of tool steel, cut to precise lengths. They're shaped like cartridges so they fit in the firearm's chamber. The firearm's bolt should close normally on the "go" gauge, and should not close on the "no-go" gauge.^[1]

A third gauge, the "Field" gauge (slightly longer than "no-go"), is used in the field to indicate the absolute maximum safe headspace. This gauge is used because, over time, the bolt and receiver will wear, the bolt and lugs compress, and the receiver may stretch, all causing the headspace to gradually increase from the factory specifications measured by the "go" and "no-go" gauges. A bolt that closes on "no-go" but not on "field" is close to being unsafe to fire, and may malfunction on cartridges that are slightly out of specification.

Headspace gauges are typically used by inserting the gauge into the bolt face engaging the extractor claw and then into the firearm chamber, and noting upon which gauge the bolt fully closes, and which it does not. The closing force applied to the bolt on a bolt-action firearm when making these assessments should be consistently and lightly applied; otherwise, an incorrect assessment of headspace will result if the bolt is forced close with excessive pressure.^[1]

The below table illustrates the function of each gauge:

Gauge	Measurement	If Bolt Closes on Gauge	If Bolt Does Not Close on Gauge
Go	Minimum factory-spec spacing	"Go". Headspace is greater than minimum spec.	"No-Go." Headspace is too short. Bolt will not close on factory-spec cartridges, resulting in jammed brass, and firing out-of-battery, both dangerous conditions, or not firing at all.
No-Go	Maximum factory spec spacing	"No-Go." Headspace is greater than the maximum factory spec. Risk of case ruptures and escaping high pressure gas if used.	"Go". Headspace is below maximum factory spec.
Field	Absolute maximum safe spacing.	Rifle is unsafe to fire. Headspace is greater than what is considered safe to fire. High risk of case rupture if fired.	Generally "go". Headspace is below the maximum for what is considered safe to fire when using factory spec ammunition. Rifle should be evaluated by a gunsmith for possible re-headspacing.

Other cartridge dimensions

Headspace is not the only important cartridge dimension. Other dimensions like overall cartridge length and base diameter are also significant for proper fit of a cartridge into a firearm, and may be included as part of a headspace gauge. Cartridges very close to chamber dimensions generally offer superior accuracy, but slightly undersized cartridges load more smoothly and reliably under variable temperature conditions or when fouling accumulates in the chamber or cartridges become corroded.

A firearm chamber for rimmed ammunition will often have two small ledges or steps. One at the rear engages with the forward face of the rim, as the rim-stop. The other step in the front of the chamber accommodates the thickness of the case wall at the forward edge of the case neck where the projectile emerges as a close fit to the beginning of the bore, the throat or leade. If the case length is too long, then the bolt on closing pushes the case over the forward step of the chamber at the throat / leade and can crush or crimp the case around the projectile at the neck of the case, leading to all sorts of performance, pressure and safety problems.

Many target shooters who use rimmed ammunition, such as .303 British, will carefully sort the cases by headstamps into groups of the same make or batch, then gauge the thickness of the case rim into lots of the same, or very close, rim thickness. They then keep the fire-formed cases which are now optimised in shape to that firearm chamber, thereby increasing the accuracy potential by only having to resize the neck of the case and to trim-to-length so that the batch performance of the reloaded ammunition is as consistent as is possible from shot to shot. Some competition reloaders leave the primer slightly proud of the case by a known amount that is taken up when the bolt is locked home. This mechanical action on the center of the case base via the primer, as it is pushed a very small amount further into its cup, translates into an even distribution of pressure through the rim to the rim-stop. This also gives the advantage of the firing pin indenting the primer in a similar fashion from shot to shot as the primer cup is in direct contact with the bolt face. As with any reloading all care must be taken and manufacturer's recommendations followed.

Headspace actuated blowback

An unusual firearms operation has been used, in particular with prototype firearms using headspace as part of its operation. This works with the cartridge moving backwards, stretching it to an extent until it unlocks the bolt to cycle its operation.^[4]

Related Research Articles

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The .357 Smith & Wesson Magnum, .357 S&W Magnum, .357 Magnum, or 9×33mmR is a smokeless powder cartridge with a 0.357 in (9.07 mm) bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, and Douglas B. Wesson of firearm manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.38 Super</span> Pistol cartridge designed by Colts Manufacturing Company, LLC

The .38 Super, also known as .38 Super Auto, .38 Super Automatic, .38 Super Automatic +P , .38 Super +P , or 9×23mmSR, is a pistol cartridge that fires a 0.356-inch-diameter (9.04 mm) bullet. It was introduced in the late 1920s as a higher pressure loading of the .38 ACP, also known as .38 Auto. The older .38 ACP cartridge propels a 130-grain (8.4 g) bullet at 1,050 ft/s (320.0 m/s), whereas the .38 Super pushes the same bullet at 1,280 ft/s (390.1 m/s). The .38 Super has gained distinction as the caliber of choice for many top practical shooting competitors; it remains one of the dominant calibers in IPSC competition.

The .308 Winchester is a smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge widely used for hunting, target shooting, police, military, and personal protection applications globally. It is similar, but not identical, to the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.

Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gas created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

A rim is an external flange that is machined, cast, molded, stamped, or pressed around the bottom of a firearms cartridge. Thus, rimmed cartridges are sometimes called "flanged" cartridges. Almost all cartridges feature an extractor or headspacing rim, in spite of the fact that some cartridges are known as "rimless cartridges". The rim may serve a number of purposes, including providing a lip for the extractor to engage, and sometimes serving to headspace the cartridge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">8×60mm S</span>

The 8×60mm S is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge of German origin, dating back to the interbellum period between World War I and World War II. The bore has the same dimensions as the German 7.92×57mm Mauser service cartridge. The 8×60mm S can, due to its 83.6 mm (3.291 in) overall length, easily be chambered in standard sized Mauser 98 bolt-action rifles. In such military M98 bolt actions internal magazine boxes feature a magazine length of 84 mm (3.307 in).

The 8×68mm S rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge was developed in the 1930s by August Schüler of the August Schüler Waffenfabrik, Suhl, Germany as a magnum hunting cartridge that would just fit and function in standard-sized Mauser 98 bolt-action rifles. The bore has the same lands and grooves diameters as the German 7.92×57mm Mauser service cartridge. This is one of the early examples where a completely new rifle cartridge was developed by a gunsmith to fit a specific popular and widespread type of rifle.

The .300 H&H Magnum cartridge was introduced by the British company Holland & Holland as the Super-Thirty in June, 1925. The case was belted like the .375 H&H Magnum, and is based on the same case, as also is the .244 H&H Magnum. The belt is for headspace as the cases' shoulders have a narrow slope rather than an actual shoulder. More modern magnums continue this practice, but headspacing on the belt is not necessary with their more sharply angled shoulders. The cartridge was used by American shooter Ben Comfort to win the 1000-yard Wimbledon Cup Match at Camp Perry in 1935, and it was used again to win the international 1,000 yard competition in 1937. Winchester chambered the Model 70 in .300 Holland & Holland Magnum in 1937.

The 6.5×68mm rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge and its sister cartridge the 8×68mm S were developed in the 1930s by August Schüler from the August Schüler Waffenfabrik, Suhl, Germany as magnum hunting cartridges that would just fit and function in standard-sized Mauser 98 bolt-action rifles. This is one of the early examples where a completely new rifle cartridge was developed by a gunsmith to fit a specific popular and widespread type of rifle.

The .300 Lapua Magnum (7.62×70mm) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire cartridge developed for long-range rifles. The parent case of the .300 Lapua Magnum is the .338 Lapua Magnum necked down to a smaller caliber. The .338 cartridge case was selected to withstand high chamber pressures. Combining these high pressures with smaller, lighter bullets than its parent case, .300 Lapua Magnum loadings have high muzzle velocities.

The 9.3×64mm Brenneke is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge designed in 1927 by German gunmaker Wilhelm Brenneke. It is suitable for hunting medium to large game animals in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.

The Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives, commonly abbreviated C.I.P., is an international organisation which sets standards for safety testing of firearms. As of 2015, its members are the national governments of 14 countries, of which 11 are European Union member states. The C.I.P. safeguards that all firearms and ammunition sold to civilian purchasers in member states are safe for the users.

The .375 Ruger (9.5×65.5mm) is a rimless, standard-length rifle cartridge designed for hunting large, dangerous game. It is designed to provide an increase in performance over the .375 H&H cartridge within the context of a standard-length rifle action. The cartridge was designed in partnership by Hornady and Ruger. In 2007, it was released commercially and chambered in the Ruger Hawkeye African and the Ruger Hawkeye Alaskan rifles.

The 8×64mm S is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed as a military service round for the German Army who never issued it. As is customary in European cartridges the 8 denotes the 8 mm bullet caliber and the 64 denotes the 64 mm (2.52 in) case length.

The 7.62mm UKM [7.62×57mm] is a specialized rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed for long-range rifles. The commercially successful .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the 7.62mm UKM, which is essentially a necked-down shortened version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets result in high muzzle velocities.

The .450 Rigby is a rifle cartridge designed in 1994 by John Rigby & Co. for the hunting of large, thick-skinned dangerous game animals in Africa. The cartridge is based on the .416 Rigby necked up to accept a .458 in (11.6 mm) bullet and is intended for use in magazine rifles. The cartridge should not be confused with .450 Nitro Express which was introduced by Rigby in 1898, and is a rimmed cartridge intended for use in double rifles.

The .416 Ruger is a .41 caliber, rimless, bottlenecked cartridge designed as a joint venture by Hornady and Ruger in 2008. It is designed to equal the performance of the .416 Rigby and .416 Remington Magnum from a standard length .30-06 length action. The .416 Ruger is suitable for the largest land animals, including dangerous game.

Small arms ammunition pressure testing is used to establish standards for maximum average peak pressures of chamberings, as well as determining the safety of particular loads for the purposes of new load development. In metallic cartridges, peak pressure can vary based on propellant used, primers used, charge weight, projectile type, projectile seating depth, neck tension, chamber throat/lead parameters. In shotshells, the primary factors are charge weight, projectile weight, wad type, hull construction, and crimp quality.

The .375 Swiss P or 9.5×70mmRB, designated 375 Swiss P by the C.I.P., is a rebated rim, bottleneck, centerfire rifle cartridge. It was developed during the late 2010s as a high-powered, long-range cartridge for military snipers and the law enforcement sector. The loaded cartridge is 14.93 mm (0.588 in) in diameter (rim) and 93.5 mm (3.68 in) long. It can penetrate better-than-standard military body armor and has a maximum supersonic range of about 1,600 metres (1,750 yd) with C.I.P. conform FMJ factory ammunition at sea level conditions. Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length, seating depth, and powder charge, and varies from 860 to 870 m/s for commercial loads with 22.7-gram (350 gr) bullets, which corresponds to about 8,500 J (6,300 ft⋅lbf) of muzzle energy.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association pp.67-69 ISBN 0-935998-34-9
↑ "C.I.P. HOMOLOGATION List (decisions, texts and tables) of TDCC". Archived from the original on 2016-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
↑ Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association pp.8-11 ISBN 0-935998-34-9
↑ "Headspace-Operated Prototype Rifle – Yeah, it's as Weird as it Sounds". 28 December 2020.

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[nra-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association pp.67-69 ISBN 0-935998-34-9

[2] "C.I.P. HOMOLOGATION List (decisions, texts and tables) of TDCC". Archived from the original on 2016-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-19.

[nra1-3] Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association pp.8-11 ISBN 0-935998-34-9

[4] "Headspace-Operated Prototype Rifle – Yeah, it's as Weird as it Sounds". 28 December 2020.

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