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The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following several earlier violent incidents. It ended on 14 December 1995 when the Dayton Accords were signed. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, and the Republika Srpska, the latter two entities being proto-states led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively.
The Ahmići massacre was the mass murder of approximately 120 Bosniak civilians by members of the Croatian Defence Council in April 1993, during the Croat–Bosniak War. The massacre was the culmination of the Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing committed by the political and military leadership of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia. It was the largest massacre committed during the conflict between Bosnian Croats and the Bosniak-dominated Bosnian government.
Operation Neretva '93 was an Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) operation against the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) in September 1993 on a 200 km long front from Gornji Vakuf to south of Mostar, one of its largest of the year, during the Croat–Bosniak War. The ARBiH made limited gains in the area of northern Herzegovina and around Mostar, but did not achieve a breakthrough to the southern Neretva, where the HVO retained control. The operation was halted in October. During the operation, dozens of Croat civilians were killed in the Grabovica and Uzdol massacres.
The Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing, also known as the Lašva Valley case, refers to numerous war crimes committed during the Bosnian war by the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia's political and military leadership on Bosniak or Bosnian Muslim civilians in the Lašva Valley region of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The campaign, planned from May 1992 to March 1993 and erupting the following April, was meant to implement objectives set forth by Croat nationalists in November 1991. The Lašva Valley's Bosniaks were subjected to persecution on political, and religious grounds, deliberately discriminated against in the context of a widespread attack on the region's civilian population and suffered mass murder, rape and wartime sexual violence, imprisonment in camps, as well as the destruction of religious and cultural sites and private property. This was often followed by anti-Bosniak propaganda, particularly in the municipalities of Vitez, Busovača, Novi Travnik and Kiseljak.
The Croat–Bosniak War was a conflict between the internationally recognized Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the so-called Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, that lasted from 18 October 1992 to 23 February 1994. It is often referred to as a "war within a war" because it was part of the larger Bosnian War. In the beginning, the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) fought together in an alliance against the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). By the end of 1992, however, tensions between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Defence Council increased. The first armed incidents between them occurred in October 1992 in central Bosnia. The military alliance continued until early 1993, when it mostly fell apart and the two former allies engaged in open conflict.
The 7th Corps, was an army corps of the Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina active during the violent breakup of Yugoslavia and subsequent Bosnian War. It was one of six army corps, the 6th Corps was disbanded on February 26, 1994 and the 8th Corps was never formed.
Operation Winter '94 was a joint military offensive of the Croatian Army (HV) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) fought in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina between 29 November and 24 December 1994. The operation formed part of the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War fought between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and two unrecognized para-states proclaimed by Croatian Serbs and Bosnian Serbs. Both para-states were supported by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serbia. The JNA pulled out in 1992, but transferred much of its equipment to the Bosnian Serb and Croatian Serb forces as it withdrew.
The Croat–Bosniak War was a conflict between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia, supported by Croatia, that lasted from 19 June 1992 – 23 February 1994. The Croat-Bosniak War is often referred to as a "war within a war" because it was part of the larger Bosnian War.
The Stupni Do massacre was a massacre committed by Croatian forces on Bosniak civilians during the Croat–Bosniak war in the village of Stupni Do in Vareš municipality. It was committed on 23 October 1993 by Croatian Defence Council (HVO) units called "Apostoli" and "Maturice" led by Ivica Rajić, who pleaded guilty before ICTY for war crimes in October 2005. The Croat forces took control of the village and massacred most of the captured people. They raped the women before killing them and looted all houses before setting them on fire. The number of victims is at least 37-44.
The Križančevo selo massacre occurred in Križančevo selo, a hamlet in the Lašva Valley in central Bosnia, where at least 14 Croat POWs and civilians were killed during an attack by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) on Croatian Defence Council (HVO) positions on 22 December 1993.
The Battle of Kupres was a battle of the Bosnian War, fought between the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) on one side and the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the other from 20 October to 3 November 1994. It marks the first tangible evidence of the Bosniak–Croat alliance set out in the Washington Agreement of March 1994, brokered by the United States to end the Croat–Bosniak War fought between the ARBiH and the HVO in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ARBiH and the HVO were not coordinated at first, rather they launched separate operations aimed at capture of Kupres.
Operation Tvigi '94 was a military operation during the Croat-Bosniak War which was conducted by the Croatian Defence Council (HVO), it began on 24 January and lasted till February 21 1994. and was a tactical victory for the HVO.
The Battle of Bugojno was fought between forces of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) for control of the town and municipality of Bugojno in central Bosnia, from 18–28 July 1993. The area of Bugojno was under joint control of the ARBiH 307th Brigade and the HVO Eugen Kvaternik Brigade since the start of the Bosnian War. Violent incidents in Bugojno followed the escalation of the Croat-Bosniak War in adjacent municipalities throughout the 1st half of 1993. Bugojno was spared from fighting and the two local brigades were still formally allied by June 1993, at the time of an ARBiH offensive in central Bosnia.
The Battle of Prozor is one of the first battles in the Croat–Bosniak war, the battle ended with the victory of the HVO. Just as UNPROFOR was dousing the last of the embers in Novi Travnik, a conflagration was about to begin in Prozor, some 40 km directly to the south. Prozor was an unassuming town of about 15,000 Croats and Muslims, far from the frontlines and noteworthy only because it had the fortune or misfortune to sit astride the main north-south highway in Bosnia, running from the sea at Ploče to Mostar and Jablanica, through Prozor to Gornji Vakuf, and on to Jajce and western Bosnia. Fighting began in Prozor on 23 October as a gangland dispute over which mafia organization would receive a delivery of black-market gasoline.
The Kiseljak massacre was the mass murder of approximately 78 Bosniak civilians by members of the Croatian Defence Council in June 1993, during the Croat–Bosniak War. The massacre was committed by the political and military leadership of the Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia. It was the second largest massacre committed by Croats during the Croat–Bosniak War.
The Doboj shelling was carried out by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) during its attacks on the city in 1992 and 1994 in the Bosnian War. The ARBiH fired at the city with its artillery, resulting in the deaths of many Serbian civilians. No one has yet been held accountable for the shelling of the city and the civilian casualties.
The massacre in Vrbanja is the name for a war crime committed by the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) against Bosniak civilians in the village of Vrbanja from July 17 to 28, 1993, during the Croat-Bosniak War.
The Raštani massacre is the name for a war crime committed by the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) against Bosniak civilians in the village of Raštini near Mostar during the Croat-Bosniak War. The Raštani massacre took place in the early morning of 24 August 1993, after several hours of artillery fire, HVO units invaded the settlement and massacred 31 Bosniaks.
The Crni vrh massacre was a war crime committed by the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) against Bosniak civilians on the Crni vrh mountain in Prozor during the Croat-Bosniak War. HVO used bosniak civilians as human shield against ARBiH. In this massacre 23 Bosniaks were killed.
The Orašlje massacre was the mass murder of approximately 15 Bosniak civilians by members of the Croatian Defence Council in June 1993, during the Croat–Bosniak War. There was a massacre at the same place committed by the Ustaše and the Germans 50 years before this one.
References
- ↑ C, Ivana (2020-01-24). "Na današnji dan 1994. – Operacija Tvigi '94". Kamenjar (in Croatian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ↑ "Zločin nad Bošnjacima u Herama od strane HVO-a i HV-a – www.veterani.ba" (in Bosnian). 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ↑ "Mevlud u Herama: Sjećanje na ubijene Bošnjake | Preporod.info". preporod.info (in Bosnian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ↑ "Operacija "Tvigi 94" u ramskom kraju". vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2024-09-07.
- ↑ "PROZOR 24.01.1994. selo Here". republika zapadna bosna. Retrieved 2024-09-07.