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Looting is the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force, typically in the midst of a military, political, or other social crisis, such as war, natural disasters, or rioting. The proceeds of all these activities can be described as booty, loot, plunder, spoils, or pillage.
A transboundary protected area (TBPA) is an ecological protected area that spans boundaries of more than one country or sub-national entity. Such areas are also known as transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) or peace parks.
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic region. While still referring to most of the Middle East and North Africa together, it is widely considered to be a more defined and apolitical alternative to the grouping of countries that is known as the Greater Middle East, which comprises the bulk of the Muslim world.
Desecration is the act of depriving something of its sacred character, or the disrespectful, contemptuous, or destructive treatment of that which is held to be sacred or holy by a group or individual.
Anthedon was a Hellenistic city near Gaza. It was first mentioned by Josephus as a city conquered by Alexander Jannaeus alongside Raphia. Pompey removed it from Jewish rule during his conquest of Judaea. Gabinius re-founded and repopulated the city, and later, Augustus incorporated Anthedon into Herod's realm, along with other coastal cities. Herod renamed it Agrippias or Agrippeion in honor of Agrippa, but the name did not endure.
Syrian Archaeological Heritage Under Threat, also known as Syrian Archaeological Heritage in Danger, Patrimoine Syrien or Le patrimoine archéologique syrien en danger is a cultural heritage activist group that runs a Facebook page documenting the damage to Syrian and World Heritage during the Syrian Civil War.
The U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield (USCBS), founded in 2006, is the United States national committee of the Blue Shield. The Blue Shield was formed according to the provisions of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, which specifies a symbol of a blue shield for marking protected cultural property. The Blue Shield, of which USCBS is a member, is an organization of affiliated national committees from nations around the globe.
Deliberate destruction and theft of cultural heritage have been conducted by the Islamic State (IS) since 2014 in Iraq, Syria, and to a lesser extent in Libya. The destruction targets various places of worship under IS control and ancient historical artifacts. In Iraq, between the fall of Mosul in June 2014 and February 2015, IS had plundered and destroyed at least 28 historical religious buildings. Valuable items from some buildings were looted in order to smuggle and sell them to foreigners to finance the running of the Islamic State.
Archaeological looting is the illicit removal of artifacts from an archaeological site. Such looting is the major source of artifacts for the antiquities market. Looting typically involves either the illegal exportation of artifacts from their country of origin or the domestic distribution of looted goods. Looting has been linked to the economic and political stability of the possessing nation, with levels of looting increasing during times of crisis, but it has been known to occur during peacetimes and some looters take part in the practice as a means of income, referred to as subsistence looting. However, looting is also endemic in so-called "archaeological countries" like Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and other areas of the Mediterranean Basin, as well as many areas of Africa, South East Asia and Central and South America, which have a rich heritage of archaeological sites, a large proportion of which are still unknown to formal archaeological science. Many countries have antique looting laws which state that the removal of the cultural object without formal permission is illegal and considered theft. Looting is not only illegal; the practice may also threaten access to cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is knowledge about a heritage that is passed down from generation to generation.
Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, generally referred to mononymously as Hemedti, Hemetti, Hemeti, or Hemitte, is a Janjaweed leader from the Rizeigat tribe in Darfur, who was the Deputy head of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) following the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état. Since 2013, Hemetti has commanded the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). He was considered by The Economist to be the most powerful person in Sudan as of early July 2019.
Russia began an invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. It is the largest military attack in Europe since World War II. During the fighting, many pieces of Ukrainian cultural heritage were either destroyed, damaged, or put at risk due to the widespread destruction across the country. This deliberate destruction and looting of over 500 Ukrainian cultural heritage sites is considered a war crime and has been described by Ukraine's Minister of Culture as cultural genocide.
During the illegal Russian invasion of Ukraine The Russian Military has repeatedly attacked Ukrainian medical facilities, hospitals, clinics, and ambulances, and health workers. The Ministry of Defense of the United Kingdom stated that Russia was prioritizing attacks on Ukrainian medical facilities as a method of warfare, often striking these, as well as power infrastructure with Iranian-made drones such as Shahed 131, Shahed 136.
The Sudan Ethnographic Museum is a public museum in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. Established in 1956 as a branch of the National Museum of Sudan, it is located at the corner of El Mek Nimr and al-Gamaa Avenue in downtown Khartoum. Until its closure in the early 2020s, the museum presented cultural objects representing the lifestyles and traditions of different regions and some of the many ethnic groups of Sudan. Similar to other museums in Khartoum, the Ethnographic Museum has been subject to looting and vandalism due to the ongoing war in Sudan since 15 April 2023. A project for complete renovation and digital inventories of the collection was started in 2022 by the Cultural Protection Fund (CPF) of the British Council and other international, as well as Sudanese organizations. It is accessible online through the platform "Safeguarding Sudan's Living Heritage."
References
- ↑ "Mission statement – Heritage for Peace". www.heritageforpeace.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- 1 2 3 Marks, Simon (2023-06-12). "Race is on to protect Sudan's pyramids and tombs as war rages". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ↑ Roche, Daniel (2023-12-14). "Reports reveal many destroyed or damaged cultural heritage in Gaza". The Architect’s Newspaper. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ↑ "Archeologen betreuren schade historisch Gaza: 'Verlies voor de geschiedenis'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 2024-03-09. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- 1 2 Saber, Indlieb Farazi. "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ↑ Teijgeler, René (2015-03-01). "Heritage for Peace". Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture. 44 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1515/pdtc-2015-0006. ISSN 2195-2965.
- ↑ "Heritage for Peace Initiative for Ukraine – Heritage for Peace". www.heritageforpeace.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ↑ Cunliffe, Emma (2016-04-15). "Ordinary Syrians are risking their lives to protect their cultural heritage". The Conversation. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
- ↑ Sabrine, Isber (2020). Protecting archaeological heritage during conflicts. Syria's archaeological heritage during the conflict and the local efforts to protect it (Thesis) (in Spanish). Universitat de Girona.
- ↑ Lindijer, Koert (2023-06-26). "In de oorlog in Soedan zijn ook kisten met mummies het slachtoffer. ‘Ze gedragen zich als barbaren’". NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-03-10.