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William I, called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own in 1166. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile.
William II, called the Good, was king of Sicily from 1166 to 1189. From surviving sources William's character is indistinct. Lacking in military enterprise, secluded and pleasure-loving, he seldom emerged from his palace life at Palermo. Yet his reign is marked by an ambitious foreign policy and a vigorous diplomacy. Champion of the papacy and in secret league with the Lombard cities, he was able to defy the common enemy, Frederick Barbarossa. In the Divine Comedy, Dante places William II in Paradise. He is also referred to in Boccaccio's Decameron.
Henry (1160–1172) was the youngest and second surviving son of William I of Sicily by Margaret of Navarre. By his father's will he succeeded to the title Prince of Capua, an appanage to the throne, while his brother William succeeded to the throne. Henry's coronation as prince was postponed from the death of his father (1166).
Maio of Bari was the third of the great admirals of Sicily and the most important man in the Norman kingdom of Sicily during the reign of William I (1154–66). Lord Norwich calls him "one of the most influential statesmen in Europe."
Stephen du Perche was the chancellor of the Kingdom of Sicily (1166–68) and Archbishop of Palermo (1167–68) during the early regency of his cousin, the queen dowager Margaret of Navarre (1166–71).
Romuald Guarna was the Archbishop of Salerno from 1153 to his death. He is remembered primarily for his Chronicon sive Annales, an important historical record of his time.
Henry, born Rodrigo according to Hugo Falcandus, was an alleged son of the Navarrese king García Ramírez and his wife, Margaret of L'Aigle, and brother of the Sicilian queen dowager Margaret, who made him Count of Montescaglioso (1166) and then Count of the Principate (1168).
Gilbert was a Norman Count of Gravina from 1159 until 1167. His father Bertrand was the illegitimate son of Rotrou III, Count of Perche. He was a cousin of Margaret of Navarre, the queen of Sicily. He arrived in Sicily sometime around 1159 and, through Margaret's influence, was created Count of Gravina in Apulia immediately.
Richard Palmer, an Englishman, was the bishop of Syracuse from 1169 and archbishop of Messina from 1182. Palmer first rose to prominence in 1160 as one of the triumvirate of grandees who replaced the assassinated Admiral Maio of Bari. He was "a man of great learning and eloquence," according to Hugo Falcandus.
Henry Aristippus of Calabria, sometimes known as Enericus or Henricus Aristippus, was a religious scholar and the archdeacon of Catania and later chief familiaris of the triumvirate of familiares who replaced the admiral Maio of Bari as chief functionaries of the Kingdom of Sicily in 1161.
Richard II of Aquila was an Italo-Norman nobleman and count of Fondi. He was descended from a prominent Norman family from L'Aigle. He was one of the premier rebels against William I of Sicily during the first years of his reign. In May 1156, Richard betrayed the rebels of Bari and opened that city to the ravages of a vengeful William.
Robert (1153/4–1159/60) was the second son of King William I of Sicily and his queen, Margaret of Navarre. He was about four or five years old when he was appointed Prince of Capua in 1157 or 1158. Prior to his accession, since 1144, his father had been Prince of Capua. Robert's Latin title, princeps Capuanorum, means literally "Prince of Capuans". He was the third Robert of Capua, after Robert I and Robert II. The latter, who had been deposed in 1135, returned in 1155–56 in an effort to reclaim his principality. He managed to control some territory, but was ultimately unsuccessful. The young Robert's rule in Capua can be traced in documents between September 1158 and May 1159, but he had died by February–March 1160, when his father was once again ruling Capua directly. Eventually, Robert's younger brother Henry was appointed Prince of Capua in May 1166.
Eugenius of Palermo was an amiratus (admiral) of the Kingdom of Sicily in the late twelfth century.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1861 under the control of a cadet branch of the Spanish Bourbons. The kingdom was the largest sovereign state by population and size in Italy before Italian unification, comprising Sicily and most of the area of today's Mezzogiorno in covering all of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States.
Asclettin or Aschettin, Archdeacon of Catania and chancellor of Sicily, was an Italo-Norman officer serving William I of Sicily.
Margaret of L'Aigle was Queen of Navarre as the first wife to García Ramírez of Navarre. She was the daughter of Gilbert of L'Aigle and Juliana du Perche, daughter of Geoffrey II, Count of Perche.
Events during the year 1105 in Italy.
Hugh Lupin, called the Younger, was a baron of the Kingdom of Sicily. He was the eldest son of Count Hugh I of Catanzaro and Countess Clementia, and twin brother of Count Jordan of Bovino.
Jordan Lupin was the first count of Bovino in the Norman kingdom of Sicily. He played a major role in the final years of Norman rule and first years of the Staufer dynasty. Twice he was involved in opposing crusader armies passing through Sicily. In the second instance, he led a revolt, apparently in the hope of seizing the throne. He was successful in attracting significant support, and was even crowned anti-king, but was ultimately captured and executed.
Clementia was the countess of Catanzaro in the Kingdom of Sicily. She played a major role in the baronial rebellion of 1160–62.
References
- ↑ Christopher Kleinhenz, "Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1". Routledge, 2004, p. 517. ISBN 0-415-93930-5
