Human processor model

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Human processor model or MHP (Model Human Processor [1] ) is a cognitive modeling method developed by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell (1983) used to calculate how long it takes to perform a certain task. Other cognitive modeling methods include parallel design, GOMS, and keystroke-level model (KLM).

Contents


Cognitive modeling is one way to evaluate the usability of a product. This method uses experimental times to calculate cognitive and motor processing time. The value of the human processor model is that it allows a system designer to predict the performance with respect to time it takes a person to complete a task without performing experiments. Other modeling methods include inspection methods, inquiry methods, prototyping methods, and testing methods.

The standard definition for MHP is: The MHP draws an analogy between the processing and storage areas of a computer, with the perceptual, motor, cognitive and memory areas of the computer user.

The human processor model uses the cognitive, perceptual, and motor processors along with the visual image, working memory, and long term memory storages. A diagram is shown below. Each processor has a cycle time and each memory has a decay time. These values are also included below. By following the connections diagrammed below, along with the associated cycle or decay times, the time it takes a user to perform a certain task can be calculated. Studies into this field were initially done by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell in 1983. [1] Current studies in the field include work to distinguish process times in older adults by Tiffany Jastrembski and Neil Charness (2007).

How to calculate

The calculations depend on the ability to break down every step of a task into the basic process level. The more detailed the analysis, the more accurate the model will be to predict human performance. The method for determining processes can be broken down into the following steps.

HumanProcessorModel.svg

ParameterMeanRange
Eye movement time230 ms70–700 ms
Decay half-life of visual image storage200 ms90–1000 ms
Visual Capacity17 letters7–17 letters
Decay half-life of auditory storage1500 ms900–3500 ms
Auditory Capacity5 letters4.4–6.2 letters
Perceptual processor cycle time100 ms50–200 ms
Cognitive processor cycle time70 ms25–170 ms
Motor processor cycle time70 ms30–100 ms
Effective working memory capacity7 chunks5–9 chunks
Pure working memory capacity3 chunks2.5–4.2 chunks
Decay half-life of working memory7 sec5–226 sec
Decay half-life of 1 chunk working memory73 sec73–226 sec
Decay half-life of 3 chunks working memory7 sec5–34 sec

Potential uses

Once complete, the calculations can then be used to determine the probability of a user remembering an item that may have been encountered in the process. The following formula can be used to find the probability: P = e-K*t where K is the decay constant for the respective memory in question (working or long term) and t is the amount of time elapsed (with units corresponding to that of K). The probability could then be used to determine whether or not a user would be likely to recall an important piece of information they were presented with while doing an activity.

It is important to deduce beforehand whether the user would be able to repeat the vital information throughout time t, as this has a negative impact on the working memory if they cannot. For example, if a user is reading lines of text and is presented with an important phone number in that text, they may not be able to repeat the number if they have to continue to read. This would cause the user’s working memory’s decay time to be smaller, thus reducing their probability of recall.

See also

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References

Specific
  1. 1 2 K., Card, Stuart (1983). The psychology of human-computer interaction . Moran, Thomas P., Newell, Allen. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN   9780898592436. OCLC   9042220.