The Hush WAACs were a group of seventeen British women who worked on the front line as codebreakers in France during World War One. After the war, two would go on to work on diplomatic codebreaking for MI1b. [1] Although women were already working as codebreakers in Room 40 and MI1b, the Hush WAACs were the only women to serve as codebreakers at the front line during WW1. [1]
In 1917, the British Army in France was short of manpower, and members of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps were asked to volunteer for front line service in supporting roles. [1] [2] Six women were identified as capable of supporting the I(e)C front line codebreaking work at Saint-Omer in northern France, and arrived there on 28 September 1917. They had not been told what their duties would be. [2] [3] [4]
Over time, these original six women were joined by another three women who found conditions too difficult and returned to England. Between 1917 and the end of the war in November 1918, a total of seventeen women were sent to work in the I(e)C codebreaking team. [2] There were typically around 12 women in the team at any time. [2] [5] [6] They were aged between 22 and 55 years old, and had all volunteered for front line duty. All were middle or upper class, and spoke German. [1]
From September 1917 until April 1918, the codebreaking unit was based at Saint-Omer in northern France. [1] Once the location became unsafe, the unit was pulled back to Paris Plage on the Normandy coast. [2]
The Hush WAACs initially supported the men who were breaking the German codes, by working to decode known systems and build books of known parts of the vocabulary. [1] By December 1917, some of the women were making their own suggestions on possible content of encrypted messages. [2] They would also, on occasion, be in charge of the code-breaking teams. [7]
An officer spoke of the women to the press, calling them "Hush WAACs". [2] A leaked story in the Daily Mail called them "the goddesses of secrets". [1]
Codebreaker Emily Anderson was initially trained to be a Hush WAAC but was sent to MI1b in London instead. [4]
The Hush WAACs were dispersed to other duties after the armistice in November 1918. [2] Many of them were awarded the Victory Medal and British War Medal in 1919 for their work. [7] [10] Florence Hannam and Edith Watkins went to MI1b, and Hannam was transferred to the new Government Code and Cipher School. [1] [2] [7]
Bletchley Park is an English country house and estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes (Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War. The mansion was constructed during the years following 1883 for the financier and politician Herbert Leon in the Victorian Gothic, Tudor and Dutch Baroque styles, on the site of older buildings of the same name.
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is an intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance (IA) to the government and armed forces of the United Kingdom. Primarily based at "The Doughnut" in the suburbs of Cheltenham, GCHQ is the responsibility of the country's Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, but it is not a part of the Foreign Office and its Director ranks as a Permanent Secretary.
Fish was the UK's GC&CS Bletchley Park codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers used during World War II. Enciphered teleprinter traffic was used between German High Command and Army Group commanders in the field, so its intelligence value (Ultra) was of the highest strategic value to the Allies. This traffic normally passed over landlines, but as German forces extended their geographic reach beyond western Europe, they had to resort to wireless transmission.
The Lorenz SZ40, SZ42a and SZ42b were German rotor stream cipher machines used by the German Army during World War II. They were developed by C. Lorenz AG in Berlin. The model name SZ was derived from Schlüssel-Zusatz, meaning cipher attachment. The instruments implemented a Vernam stream cipher.
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David Kahn was an American historian, journalist, and writer. He wrote extensively on the history of cryptography and military intelligence.
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Emily Anderson OBE was an Irish scholar of German, music historian and cryptanalyst at the British Government Code and Cipher School for almost 30 years.
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Captain Raymond C. "Jerry" Roberts MBE was a British wartime codebreaker and businessman. During the Second World War, Roberts worked at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park from 1941 to 1945. He was a leading codebreaker and linguist, who worked on the Lorenz cipher system – Hitler's most top-level code.
MI1 or British Military Intelligence, Section 1 was a department of the British Directorate of Military Intelligence, part of the War Office. It was set up during World War I. It contained "C&C", which was responsible for code breaking.
Nigel de Grey was a British codebreaker. Son of the rector of Copdock, Suffolk, and grandson of the 5th Lord Walsingham, he was educated at Eton College and became fluent in French and German. In 1907 he joined the publishing firm of William Heinemann. As he was shy and physically small, a colleague labelled him "the dormouse".
The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), known as Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps (QMAAC) from 9 April 1918, was the women's corps of the British Army during and immediately after the First World War. It was established in February 1917 and disbanded on 27 September 1921.
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RAF Eastcote, also known over time as RAF Lime Grove, HMS Pembroke V and Outstation Eastcote, was a UK Ministry of Defence site in Eastcote, Middlesex.
Joan Elisabeth Lowther Murray, MBE was an English cryptanalyst and numismatist who worked as a code-breaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. Although she did not personally seek the spotlight, her role in the Enigma project that decrypted the German secret communications earned her awards and citations, such as appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in 1946.
About 7,500 women worked in Bletchley Park, the central site for British cryptanalysts during World War II. Women constituted roughly 75% of the workforce there. While women were overwhelmingly under-represented in high-level work such as cryptanalysis, they were employed in large numbers in other important areas, including as operators of cryptographic and communications machinery, translators of Axis documents, traffic analysts, clerical workers, and more. Women made up the majority of Bletchley Park’s workforce, most enlisted in the Women’s Royal Naval Service, WRNS, nicknamed the Wrens.
Patricia Marjorie Bartley, Mrs Brown was a British codebreaker at Bletchley Park, and a member of British intelligence's diplomatic office in Mayfair, London. Among her contributions to the war effort was the breaking of the German diplomatic Floradora code, a task partially accomplished by a team she led.