IPS Supported Employment

Last updated

IPS Supported Employment is an evidence-based approach to supported employment for people who have a mental illness. IPS stands for Individual Placement and Support. IPS supports people in their efforts to achieve steady, meaningful employment in mainstream competitive jobs, either part-time or full-time. This stands in contrast to other vocational rehabilitation approaches that employ people in sheltered workshops and other set-aside jobs.

Contents

IPS has been extensively researched and proven to be effective compared to standard employment services. [1]

Principles

IPS is based on eight principles. [2] Mental health agencies that implement IPS aim to follow these principles in delivering vocational services.

IPS Principles
 1 Every person with severe mental illness who wants to work is eligible for IPS supported employment.
 2 Employment services are integrated with mental health treatment services.
 3 Competitive employment is the goal.
 4 Personalized benefits counseling is provided.
 5 The job search starts soon after a person expresses interest in working.
 6 Employment specialists systematically develop relationships with employers based upon their client's preferences.
 7 Job supports are continuous.
 8 Client preferences are honored.

The implementation of these principles can be assessed by using a fidelity scale and an accompanying manual that have been developed specifically for IPS.

Research

IPS was first studied in a randomized controlled trial in 1996. [3] Between 1996 and 2011, IPS was evaluated in 15 randomized controlled trials. [4] This research has established IPS as an evidence-based practice in community psychiatry. Studies in this body of research typically compare IPS to another approach to vocational rehabilitation. Study participants are randomized to receive services from one of the vocational approaches being studied. Researchers observe the proportion of participants in each group who get jobs within some fixed period of time. This follow-up period varies across studies from 6 months to 30 months, averaging 18 months. [5] On average, 60% of research participants get a competitive job during the follow-up period when they receive IPS, whereas 24% of participants get a competitive job when receiving other vocational services. [5] These results, along with data from non-research implementations of IPS, have resulted in the establishment of benchmark employment rates for IPS programs. [5]

In addition to testing the comparative effectiveness of IPS, researchers have conducted implementation research on IPS, [6] research on predictors of outcome (who gets jobs and why), [7] [8] [9] [10] barriers to employment for people who have a serious mental illness, [11] [12] [13] [14] and a number of other related areas.

What happens in IPS

IPS services are typically delivered by supported employment teams that operate within community mental health agencies. These teams work with their agency's clinical staff to coordinate services. When a client at the agency expresses interest in working, that client is referred to an employment specialist on the IPS team for an initial meeting. The employment specialist works with the client to learn about his or her goals and preferences and provides information about how IPS works. When someone chooses to enroll in IPS, that person and the employment specialist make a plan together and begin to look for regular jobs in the community as soon as the client expresses interest in doing so. Employment specialists are trained to provide people with support, coaching, resume development, interview training, and on-the-job support. Employment specialists are also trained to do job development; a process in which employment specialists build relationships with employers in businesses that have jobs that are consistent with client preferences.

In IPS, the client's preferences are central. The client decides whether or not employers and potential employers know about her/his mental illness and whether or not the employment specialist will talk to employer/s on his or her behalf. The client also decides which jobs to apply for and how much he or she wants to work. The decision about how much to work is often influenced by a desire to transition to a working life while minimizing the risk of being both out of work and without disability benefits. Part of the employment specialist's job is to connect people with benefits counseling so that they can make informed decisions in this area.

People who try IPS often get a number of jobs before finding one that is a good fit. In IPS there is an orientation towards moving between jobs as part of a normal process. This process aims at convergence towards stable employment and toward the client's personal recovery goals.

Access to IPS Services

As of 2009 only 2.1% of U.S. mental health clients had access to evidence-based vocational services. [15] Mental health agencies often face financing challenges in implementing IPS due to the absence of clear reimbursement policies for vocational services in psychiatry. [16] Nonetheless, as of 2011, IPS was offered by mental health agencies in at least 13 states. [17] Because there is no national directory of IPS providers, people interested in access to these services must ask local mental health services providers about their vocational services in order to find out whether or not evidence-based vocational services are available.

Dissemination

The Johnson & Johnson – Dartmouth Community Mental Health Program was created to further the dissemination of IPS by providing a structure for supporting implementations of IPS at the state level. In 2001, the Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center launched this program with philanthropic support from Johnson & Johnson Corporate Contributions. This program has resulted in the formation of a national learning collaborative that supports the implementation of IPS services in everyday (i.e., non-research) settings. Membership in this collaborative is widespread. As of 2011, 13 states containing 130 participating mental health agencies were part of the collaborative. [17] States that enter the learning collaborative receive four years of seed funding to support initial implementation efforts. After this first phase, states and their participating agencies stay involved by sharing outcome and service data, participating in research projects, and by continuing statewide implementation efforts.

IPS outside of the United States

Although IPS was developed in the United States, research literature suggests a wider interest in IPS and suggests that the intervention is effective across a range of cultures and policy environments. Randomized trials of IPS have been conducted in Canada, [18] throughout Europe, [19] including in the UK, in Australia, [20] The Netherlands, [21] Switzerland, [22] and Hong Kong. [23]

In the UK, Centre for Mental Health has developed a Centres of Excellence project based on the Dartmouth Medical School scheme. The Centres will act as exemplars of how Individual Placement and Support (IPS) can be implemented in localities across England. https://www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/ips-centres-excellence

Related Research Articles

A mental disorder, also referred to as a mental illness, a mental health condition, or a psychiatric disability, is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. A mental disorder is also characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, often in a social context. Such disturbances may occur as single episodes, may be persistent, or may be relapsing–remitting. There are many different types of mental disorders, with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders. A mental disorder is one aspect of mental health.

The Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation is a community mental health service model that helps people with a history of serious mental illness rejoin society and maintain their place in it; it builds on people's strengths and provides mutual support, along with professional staff support, for people to receive prevocational work training, educational opportunities, and social support. The model was created by Fountain House, one of the prime settings for what would, in the space of forty years, become the type specimen of the clubhouse model. Its validity is moderated and approved by Clubhouse International.

Peer support occurs when people provide knowledge, experience, emotional, social or practical help to each other. It commonly refers to an initiative consisting of trained supporters, and can take a number of forms such as peer mentoring, reflective listening, or counseling. Peer support is also used to refer to initiatives where colleagues, members of self-help organizations and others meet, in person or online, as equals to give each other connection and support on a reciprocal basis.

A mental health professional is a health care practitioner or social and human services provider who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental disorders. This broad category was developed as a name for community personnel who worked in the new community mental health agencies begun in the 1970s to assist individuals moving from state hospitals, to prevent admissions, and to provide support in homes, jobs, education, and community. These individuals were the forefront brigade to develop the community programs, which today may be referred to by names such as supported housing, psychiatric rehabilitation, supported or transitional employment, sheltered workshops, supported education, daily living skills, affirmative industries, dual diagnosis treatment, individual and family psychoeducation, adult day care, foster care, family services and mental health counseling.

Assertive community treatment (ACT) is an intensive and highly integrated approach for community mental health service delivery. ACT teams serve individuals who have been diagnosed with serious and persistent forms of mental illness, predominantly but not exclusively the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. ACT service recipients may also have diagnostic profiles that include features typically found in other DSM-5 categories. Many have histories of frequent psychiatric hospitalization, substance abuse, victimization and trauma, arrests and incarceration, homelessness, and additional significant challenges. The symptoms and complications of their mental illnesses have led to serious functioning difficulties in several areas of life, often including work, social relationships, residential independence, money management, and physical health and wellness. By the time they start receiving ACT services, they are likely to have experienced failure, discrimination, and stigmatization, and their hope for the future is likely to be quite low.

The psychiatric survivors movement is a diverse association of individuals who either currently access mental health services, or who have experienced interventions by psychiatry that were unhelpful, harmful, abusive, or illegal.

Psychiatric rehabilitation, also known as psychosocial rehabilitation, and sometimes simplified to psych rehab by providers, is the process of restoration of community functioning and well-being of an individual diagnosed in mental health or emotional disorder and who may be considered to have a psychiatric disability.

The recovery model, recovery approach or psychological recovery is an approach to mental disorder or substance dependence that emphasizes and supports a person's potential for recovery. Recovery is generally seen in this model as a personal journey rather than a set outcome, and one that may involve developing hope, a secure base and sense of self, supportive relationships, empowerment, social inclusion, coping skills, and meaning. Recovery sees symptoms as a continuum of the norm rather than an aberration and rejects sane-insane dichotomy.

People with schizophrenia are at a higher than average risk of physical ill health, and earlier death than the general population. The fatal conditions include cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic disorders.

Dual diagnosis is the condition of having a mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. There is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems. The concept can be used broadly, for example depression and alcohol use disorder, or it can be restricted to specify severe mental illness and substance use disorder, or a person who has a milder mental illness and a drug dependency, such as panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder and is dependent on opioids. Diagnosing a primary psychiatric illness in people who use substances is challenging as substance use disorder itself often induces psychiatric symptoms, thus making it necessary to differentiate between substance induced and pre-existing mental illness.

Personal Medicine is an activity that a person does to obtain wellness, rather than something a person takes for wellness.

Supported employment refers to service provisions wherein people with disabilities, including intellectual disabilities, mental health, and traumatic brain injury, among others, are assisted with obtaining and maintaining employment. Supported employment is considered to be one form of employment in which wages are expected, together with benefits from an employer in a competitive workplace, though some versions refer to disability agency paid employment. Companies such as Skilcraft in the United States are an example of "supported employment" which is defined in law for state and federal reimbursements.

Early intervention in psychosis is a clinical approach to those experiencing symptoms of psychosis for the first time. It forms part of a new prevention paradigm for psychiatry and is leading to reform of mental health services, especially in the United Kingdom and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patricia Deegan</span>

Patricia E. Deegan is an American disability-rights advocate, psychologist and researcher. She has been described as a "national spokesperson for the mental health consumer/survivor movement in the United States." Deegan is known as an advocate of the mental health recovery movement and is an international speaker and trainer in the field of mental health.

Case management is the coordination of community-based services by a professional or team to provide quality mental health care customized accordingly to individual patients' setbacks or persistent challenges and aid them to their recovery. Case management seeks to reduce hospitalizations and support individuals' recovery through an approach that considers each person's overall biopsychosocial needs without making disadvantageous economic costs. As a result, care coordination includes traditional mental health services but may also encompass primary healthcare, housing, transportation, employment, social relationships, and community participation. In the 1940s, this was known as social counseling. It is the link between the client and care delivery system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basaglia Law</span>

Basaglia Law or Law 180 is the Italian Mental Health Act of 1978 which signified a large reform of the psychiatric system in Italy, contained directives for the closing down of all psychiatric hospitals and led to their gradual replacement with a whole range of community-based services, including settings for acute in-patient care. The Basaglia Law is the basis of Italian mental health legislation. The principal proponent of Law 180 and its architect was Italian psychiatrist Franco Basaglia. Therefore, Law 180 is known as the “Basaglia Law” from the name of its promoter. The Parliament of Italy approved the Law 180 on 13 May 1978, and thereby initiated the gradual dismantling of psychiatric hospitals. Implementation of the psychiatric reform law was accomplished in 1998 which marked the very end of the state psychiatric hospital system in Italy. The Law has had worldwide impact as other counties took up widely the Italian model. It was Democratic Psychiatry which was essential in the birth of the reform law of 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vocational rehabilitation</span> Occupation rehabilitation processes

Vocational rehabilitation, also abbreviated VR or voc rehab, is a process which enables persons with functional, psychological, developmental, cognitive, and emotional disabilities, impairments or health disabilities to overcome barriers to accessing, maintaining, or returning to employment or other useful occupations.

Psychiatry is, and has historically been, viewed as controversial by those under its care, as well as sociologists and psychiatrists themselves. There are a variety of reasons cited for this controversy, including the subjectivity of diagnosis, the use of diagnosis and treatment for social and political control including detaining citizens and treating them without consent, the side effects of treatments such as electroconvulsive therapy, antipsychotics and historical procedures like the lobotomy and other forms of psychosurgery or insulin shock therapy, and the history of racism within the profession in the United States.

Serious mental illness (SMI) is characterized as any mental health condition that impairs seriously or severely from one to several significant life activities, including day to day functioning. Five common examples of SMI include bipolar disorders, borderline personality disorder, psychotic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and major depressive disorders. People having SMI experience symptoms that prevent them from having experiences that contribute to a good quality of life, due to social, physical, and psychological limitations of their illnesses. In 2021, there was a 5.5% prevalence rate of U.S. adults diagnosed with SMI, with the highest percentage being in the 18 to 25 year-old group (11.4%). Also in the study, 65.4% of the 5.5% diagnosed adults with SMI received mental health care services.

Fountain House is a national mental health nonprofit organization focused on supporting people with serious and persistent mental illness. Founded in 1948, Fountain House originated the Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. The organization's stated mission is "to create the community, innovation, and social change needed for people most impacted by mental illness to lead connected and healthy lives."

References

  1. ↑ Bond, Gary; Drake, Robert; Becker, Deborah (2008). "An Update on Randomized Controlled Trials of Evidence-Based Supported Employment". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 31 (4): 280–290. doi:10.2975/31.4.2008.280.290. PMID   18407876.
  2. ↑ Bond, Gary (2004). "Supported employment: Evidence for an evidence-based practice". Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal. 27 (4): 345–359. doi:10.2975/27.2004.345.359. PMID   15222147.
  3. ↑ Drake, Robert; McHugo, Gregory; Becker, Deborah; Anthony, William; Clark, Robin (1996). "The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 64 (2): 391–399. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.391. PMID   8871423.
  4. ↑ Drake, Robert; Bond, Gary (2011). "IPS Supported Employment: A 20-YearUpdate". American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 14 (3): 155–164. doi:10.1080/15487768.2011.598090. S2CID   144331303.
  5. 1 2 3 Becker, Deborah; Drake, Robert; Bond, Gary (2011). "Benchmark Outcomes in Supported Employment". American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation. 14 (3): 230–236. doi:10.1080/15487768.2011.598083. S2CID   72874523.
  6. ↑ Rosenheck, R.; Leslie, D; Keefe, R; McEvoy, J; Swartz, M; Perkins, D; Stroup, S; Hsiao, JK; Lieberman, J (2006). "Barriers to Employment for People with Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (3): 411–7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.411. PMID   16513861.
  7. ↑ Bond, Gary R; Drake, Robert E (2008). "Predictors of competitive employment among patients with schizophrenia". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 21 (4): 362–9. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328300eb0e. PMID   18520741. S2CID   41420050.
  8. ↑ Salkever, D. S.; Karakus, M. C.; Slade, E. P.; Harding, C. M.; Hough, R. L.; Rosenheck, R. A.; Swartz, M. S.; Barrio, C.; Yamada, A. M. (2007). "Measures and Predictors of Community-Based Employment and Earnings of Persons with Schizophrenia in a Multisite Study". Psychiatric Services. 58 (3): 315–24. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.58.3.315. PMID   17325103.
  9. ↑ Becker, Deborah R.; Xie, Haiyi; McHugo, Gregory J.; Halliday, John; Martinez, Rick A. (2006). "What Predicts Supported Employment Program Outcomes?". Community Mental Health Journal. 42 (3): 303–13. doi:10.1007/s10597-006-9037-8. PMID   16532378. S2CID   22974864.
  10. ↑ Michon, Harry W. C.; Weeghel, Jaap; Kroon, Hans; Schene, Aart H. (2005). "Person-related predictors of employment outcomes after participation in psychiatric vocational rehabilitation programmes". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 40 (5): 408–16. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0910-5. PMID   15902412. S2CID   22245825.
  11. ↑ Biegel, D. E.; Stevenson, L. D.; Beimers, D.; Ronis, R. J.; Boyle, P. (2009). "Predictors of Competitive Employment Among clients with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders". Research on Social Work Practice. 20 (2): 191. doi:10.1177/1049731509333373. S2CID   58174676.
  12. ↑ Henry, AD; Lucca, AM (2004). "Facilitators and barriers to employment: The perspectives of people with psychiatric disabilities and employment service providers". Work (Reading, Mass.). 22 (3): 169–82. PMID   15156083.
  13. ↑ Corbiere, M. (2004). "Perceptions of Barriers to Employment, Coping Efficacy, and Career Search Efficacy in People with Mental Illness". Journal of Career Assessment. 12 (4): 460–478. doi:10.1177/1069072704267738. S2CID   144134727.
  14. ↑ McQuilken, Michael (2003). "The work project survey: client perspectives on work". Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation. 18 (1).
  15. ↑ "2009 CMHS Uniform Reporting System Output Tables". Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  16. ↑ Drake, R. E.; Skinner, John; Bond, Gary; Goldman, Howard (2009). "Social Security and Mental Illness: Reducing Disability with Supported Employment". Health Affairs. 28 (3): 761–70. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.761. PMC   2828629 . PMID   19414885.
  17. 1 2 Becker, Deborah; Drake, Robert; Bond Gary; Nawaz, Saira; Haslett, William; Martinez, Rick (2011). "Best practices: A national mental health learning collaborative on supported employment". Psychiatric Services. 62 (7): 704–706. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.7.704. PMID   21724779.
  18. ↑ Latimer, Eric A.; Lecomte, Tiana; Becker, Deborah R.; Drake, Robert E.; Duclos, Isabelle; Piat, Myra; Lahaie, Nicole; St-Pierre, Marie-Sylvie; Therrien, Claude; Xie, Haiyi (2006). "Generalisability of the individual placement and support model of supported employment: results of a Canadian randomised controlled trial". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 189: 65–73. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.012641 . PMID   16816308.
  19. ↑ Burns, Tom; Catty, Jocelyn; Becker, Thomas; Drake, Robert E; Fioritti, Angelo; Knapp, Martin; Lauber, Christoph; Rössler, Wulf; Tomov, Toma; van Busschbach, Jooske; White, Sarah; Wiersma, Durk (2007). "The effectiveness of supported employment for people with severe mental illness: A randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 370 (9593): 1146–52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61516-5. PMID   17905167. S2CID   46011460.
  20. ↑ Killackey, E.; Jackson, H. J.; McGorry, P. D. (2008). "Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis: Individual placement and support v. Treatment as usual". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 193 (2): 114–20. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043109 . PMID   18669993.
  21. ↑ Michon, Harry; van Vugt, M.; van Busschbach, J. (2011). "Effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support; 18 & 30 months follow-up". Paper Presented at the Enmesh Conference, Ulm, Germany.
  22. ↑ Hoffmann, H.; Jäckel, D.; Glauser, S.; Kupper, Z. (2012). "A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supported employment". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 125 (2): 157–67. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01780.x. PMID   22077907. S2CID   19293405.
  23. ↑ Kin Wong, K.; Chiu, R.; Tang, B.; Mak, D.; Liu, J.; Chiu, S. N. (2008). "A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Supported Employment Program for Persons with Long-Term Mental Illness in Hong Kong". Psychiatric Services. 59 (1): 84–90. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.1.84. PMID   18182544.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.