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Slavery in Spain can be traced to the Phoenician and Roman eras. In the 9th century the Muslim Moorish rulers and local Jewish merchants traded in Spanish and Eastern European Christian slaves. Spain began to trade slaves in the 15th century and this trade reached its peak in the 16th century. The history of Spanish enslavement of Africans began with Portuguese captains Antão Gonçalves and Nuno Tristão in 1441. The first large group of African slaves, made up of 235 slaves, came with Lançarote de Freitas three years later. In 1462, Portuguese slave traders began to operate in Seville, Spain. During the 1470s, Spanish merchants began to trade large numbers of slaves. Slaves were auctioned at market at a cathedral, and subsequently were transported to cities all over Imperial Spain. This led to the spread of Moorish, African, and Christian slavery in Spain. By the 16th century, 7.4 percent of the population in Seville, Spain were slaves. Many historians have concluded that Renaissance and early-modern Spain had the highest amount of African slaves in Europe.
The history of slavery in the Muslim world began with institutions inherited from pre-Islamic Arabia. The practices of keeping slaves in the Muslim world nevertheless developed in radically different ways in different Muslim states based on a range of social-political factors, as well as the more immediate economic and logistical considerations of the Arab slave trade. As a general principle, Islam encouraged the manumission of Muslim slaves as a way of expiating sins, and many early converts to Islam, such as Bilal, were former slaves. However, slavery persisted as an institution in the Muslim world through to the modern era.
D. (Dede) Fairchild Ruggles is a historian of Islamic art and architecture, and a professor in the University of Illinois Department of Landscape Architecture. She is known for her books on Islamic gardens and landscapes, her series of edited volumes on cultural heritage, and her award-winning work in gender history.
The history of concubinage in the Muslim world encompassed the practice of a men living with a woman without marriage, where the woman was a slave, though sometimes free. If the concubine gave birth to a child, she attained a higher status known as Umm walad.
References
- 1 2 3 "Smith College Announces the Promotion of Four Women to Full Professor". Women In Academia Report. 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- 1 2 "Women in Islam: Behind the veil and in front of it". Deutsche Welle. 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- ↑ "Ibtissam Bouachrine". Smith College. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- ↑ Annual Report. By David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies · Publisher The Center, 2005. United States,
- 1 2 "The Institute for Rebooting Social Media announces its inaugural cohort of visiting scholars". Harvard Law Today. April 8, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- ↑ "The Journal of the Middle East and Africa Editorial Board". www.tandfonline.com. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
- 1 2 Bouachrine, Ibtissam (2014). Women and Islam: Myths, Apologies, and the Limits of Feminist Critique. Lexington Books. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-7391-7906-2.
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