Ilaria Capua

Last updated
Ilaria Capua
Ilaria Capua daticamera.jpg
Born
Rome
CitizenshipItalian
Alma materUniversity of Perugia,
Padua University
Known forpolitics, virologist,
avian influenza
Scientific career
InstitutionsIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie,
University of Florida

Ilaria Capua (born 21 April 1966 in Rome) is an Italian virologist and former politician, best known for her research on influenza viruses, particularly avian influenza, and her efforts promoting open access to genetic information on emerging viruses as part of pre-pandemic preparedness efforts.

Contents

Capua is currently a professor at the Institute of Food and Agricultural Science (IFAS), and has a joint appointment with the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Public Health and Health Professions at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, U.S. She was recruited to direct and lead the UF One Health Center of Excellence in research and training. [1]

A veterinarian by training, Capua has mainly worked in the field of veterinary virology and zoonotic viral infections. [2]

She worked for over twenty years in the network of the Istituti Zooprofilattici in Italy, and headed the national and international reference laboratory for Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza at IZSVE for over ten years. In response to the 1999-2000 outbreak of avian flu in Italy, Capua and colleagues proposed and developed a novel strategy for vaccinating commercial poultry against the disease, which was adopted and enabled the industry to avoid a complete shutdown.

In February 2006, Capua drew international attention when she challenged the existing system for granting scientists access to genetic material sequenced from influenza viruses. [3] At the peak of the H5N1 panzootic, Capua decided to post the sequence of the first H5N1 African virus on a publicly accessible website (GenBank) rather than contribute the data to a password-protected database maintained in Los Alamos and accessible only to a small group of researchers. [3]

During this time, Capua led an international campaign promoting free access to genetic sequences derived from influenza viruses and other viruses with pandemic potential. [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] One observer described Capua as "belonging to a longstanding tradition of scientists rebelling against established ideas and the upper echelon among their colleagues" but also advocating a new outlook in which scientific cooperation is "enacted directly between scientists and not mediated by institutions." [9]

Biography

Training

Born in Rome in 1966, Ilaria Capua graduated with honors in veterinary medicine from the University of Perugia in 1989. [10] In 1991, she completed a post-graduate specialization course in animal health and hygiene at the University of Pisa. [10] She obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Padua in 2007 on avian influenza epidemiology, inter-species transmission and control. [11]

Scientific activities

Prior to joining the Italian Parliament, Capua served as director of the Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences for the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro in Padua. [1] The department is home to the National FAO/OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, and is the OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal/Human Interface.

In 1999-2000, responding to a persistent but relatively non-virulent strain of H7N1 avian flu hindering Italy’s commercial poultry industry, Capua and collaborators developed an innovative approach, which was dubbed the "DIVA" strategy (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) as a tool to support eradication practices. [2] This DIVA [12] strategy has been invented and developed already years earlier for the eradication of herpesviruses. [13] [14] The strategy involved inoculating poultry with an inactivated vaccine derived from an antigenically related H7N3 virus—coupled with a diagnostic test directed to identifying antibodies to the neuraminidase antigen, that revealed whether avian-flu antibodies present in a subject animal were caused by the H7N3 vaccine or by the field H7N1 virus. [2] Once approved by the European Union, the program went live in November 2000. [2] The strategy enabled Italy’s poultry industry to continue trade and the target pathogen was eradicated from Italy. [10] [15] Today, DIVA is among the strategies recommended by the European Union to combat avian influenza on a global scale. [16]

During the outbreak of panzootic H5N1 influenza, which could be transmitted from birds to people, Capua's lab in Padua received a sample of the viral strain recently introduced in Nigeria for typing and characterization. [3] Capua believed that broader circulation of knowledge related to genetic information on contemporary viruses was essential to improve preparedness and response, and declined the offer to submit the genetic sequence to a password-protected database as suggested by WHO. [3] Instead, she decided to deposit the genetic sequences to GenBank, a publicly accessible database, to make it available to the entire scientific community. On February 16, 2006, Capua contacted about 50 of her colleagues and encouraged them to deposit avian influenza genetic sequences in publicly accessible databases. [17] The journal Science reported on Capua’s effort, stating that she had "renewed the debate about how to balance global health against scientists' needs to publish and countries’ demands for secrecy." [5]

Capua’s initiative was covered by the international press including the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times and the Washington Post. [3] [18] [19] The English-language scientific press continued to cover the debate, as did mainstream European press. [20]

Recently, Capua has been coordinator of the workgroup on Avian Influenza of EPIZONE [21] scientific excellence network, which has been set up to improve the control of the epizootic diseases in Europe. It consists of more than 300 researchers from 16 international research centres – two of them outside Europe. Epizone is a new European Commission project under the sixth research framework programme (FP6), priority 5 (food quality and safety), and it has a budget of €14 million over five years.

Today, the WHO, FAO, and OIE promote and support better sharing mechanisms, data transparency, and an interdisciplinary approach to improve preparedness for pandemic events. [5] [7] [8] [22]

Capua has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications, mainly on viral diseases of animals and diseases that can be transmitted from animals to people. [1] She has also co-authored two scientific textbooks concerning influenza and authored four non-fiction books for general readership. Capua also serves on the editorial board of Pathogens and Global Health.

Since June 2016, Capua has been a faculty member with the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, U.S. [1] At UF, she has continued to advocate for interdisciplinary work and open science, particularly open access to research data on pandemic diseases.

In 2021 she raised concerns on gain-of-function experiments.

Personal history

Ilaria Capua is married to a Scotsman, Richard, and has a daughter born in 2004. [23]

Political activities

In January 2013, Capua was asked to run for a seat on the Italian Parliament by Mario Monti, the Italian Prime Minister at the time, who sought to add scientists and academics to Parliament. Capua accepted, and in February 2013 was elected a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, one of the two divisions of the Italian Parliament. [24] Capua served for over two years as vice president of the Commission for Science, Culture, and Education of the Chamber of Deputies. [25]

Ilaria Capua resigned as a member of the Italian Parliament on September 28, 2016. Her resignation speech was published in the first page of Corriere della Sera. [26]

Ilaria Capua Ilaria Capua.jpg
Ilaria Capua

In 2014, while she was a parliamentarian, the Italian weekly magazine l'Espresso revealed that Capua had been the subject of a ten-year criminal investigation by Italian police. The magazine's cover article reported a conspiracy between scientists and pharmaceutical companies to increase the sales of vaccines by deliberately spreading viruses. [27]

In July 2016, Capua was cleared of all charges by the judge for preliminary investigation of the Court of Verona, because "there was no case to answer." The judge's decision mentioned that "there was evidence of fabrication of evidence against her." [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]

Works and publications

Books

Publications

Ilaria Capua's publications in peer-reviewed journals can be found on PubMed.

Honors and awards

Related Research Articles

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Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that causes the flu in birds and some mammals, including humans. It is an RNA virus whose subtypes have been isolated from wild birds. Occasionally, it is transmitted from wild to domestic birds, and this may cause severe disease, outbreaks, or human influenza pandemics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avian influenza</span> Influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds

Avian influenza, also known as avian flu, is a bird flu caused by the influenza A virus, which can infect people. It is similar to other types of animal flu in that it is caused by a virus strain that has adapted to a specific host. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H5N1</span> Subtype of influenza A virus

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 (A/H5N1) is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called HPAI A(H5N1) for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1, is the highly pathogenic causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as avian influenza. It is enzootic in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. One strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally after first appearing in Asia. It is epizootic and panzootic, killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of others to stem its spread. Many references to "bird flu" and H5N1 in the popular media refer to this strain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</span> Nasal influenza vaccine

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swine influenza</span> Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pigs

Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic involving influenza

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region and infects a large proportion of the population. There have been six major influenza epidemics in the last 140 years, with the 1918 flu pandemic being the most severe; this is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50–100 million people. The most recent, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, resulted in under 300,000 deaths and is considered relatively mild. These pandemics occur irregularly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canine influenza</span>

Canine influenza is influenza occurring in canine animals. Canine influenza is caused by varieties of influenzavirus A, such as equine influenza virus H3N8, which was discovered to cause disease in canines in 2004. Because of the lack of previous exposure to this virus, dogs have no natural immunity to it. Therefore, the disease is rapidly transmitted between individual dogs. Canine influenza may be endemic in some regional dog populations of the United States. It is a disease with a high morbidity but a low incidence of death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1</span> Spread of bird flu

The global spread of H5N1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat. While other H5N1 influenza strains are known, they are significantly different on a genetic level from a recent, highly pathogenic, emergent strain of H5N1, which was able to achieve hitherto unprecedented global spread in 2008. The H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. It is both epizootic and panzootic. Unless otherwise indicated, "H5N1" in this timeline refers to the recent highly pathogenic strain of H5N1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transmission and infection of H5N1</span> Spread of an influenza virus

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H5N2</span> Virus subtype

H5 N2 is a subtype of the species Influenzavirus A. The subtype infects a wide variety of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, falcons, and ostriches. Affected birds usually do not appear ill, and the disease is often mild as avian influenza viral subtypes go. Some variants of the subtype are much more pathogenic than others, and outbreaks of "high-path" H5N2 result in the culling of thousands of birds in poultry farms from time to time. It appears that people who work with birds can be infected by the virus, but suffer hardly any noticeable health effects. Even people exposed to the highly pathogenic H5N2 variety that killed ostrich chicks in South Africa only seem to have developed conjunctivitis, or a perhaps a mild respiratory illness. There is no evidence of human-to-human spread of H5N2. On November 12, 2005 it was reported that a falcon was found to have H5N2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza Genome Sequencing Project</span>

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OFFLU is the joint OIE-FAO global network of expertise on animal influenzas. OFFLU aims to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and with the human health sector. OFFLU analyses and shares information and biological material to identify and reduce health threats early, and shares information about animal influenza viruses with the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist with the early preparation of human vaccines. It was established in 2005, initially to support the global effort to control H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1 in 2006</span>

The global spread of H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global spread of H5N1 in 2005</span>

The global spread of H5N1 in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fujian flu</span> Strains of influenza

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">GISAID</span> Global initiative for sharing virus data

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human mortality from H5N1</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siti Fadilah Supari</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H7N9</span> Subtype of the influenza A virus

Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (A/H7N9) is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A. Avian influenza A H7 viruses normally circulate amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. An H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in March 2013, in China. Cases continued to be reported throughout April and then dropped to only a few cases during the summer months. At the closing of the year, 144 cases had been reported of which 46 had died. It is known that influenza tends to strike during the winter months, and the second wave, which began in October, was fanned by a surge in poultry production timed for Lunar New Year feasts that began at the end of January. January 2014 brought a spike in reports of illness with 96 confirmed reports of disease and 19 deaths. As of April 11, 2014, the outbreak's overall total was 419, including 7 in Hong Kong, and the unofficial number of deaths was 127.

Chen Hualan is a Chinese veterinary virologist best known for researching animal epidemic diseases. She is a member of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and a member of the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). She is now a researcher and PhD Supervisor at Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Ilaria Capua - Emerging Pathogens Institute - University of Florida". www.epi.ufl.edu. Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Enserink, Martin (10 November 2006). "Italy's Influenza Diva". Science. 314 (5801): 918–919. doi:10.1126/science.314.5801.918. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   17095672. S2CID   161378290.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Zamiska, Nicholas. "Scientist Rebels Against WHO Over Bird Flu". WSJ. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  4. ↑ Editorial (16 March 2006). "Dreams of flu data". Nature. 440 (7082): 255–256. Bibcode:2006Natur.440R.255.. doi: 10.1038/440255b . PMC   7095490 . PMID   16541031.
  5. 1 2 3 Enserink, Martin (3 March 2006). "As H5N1 Keeps Spreading, a Call to Release More Data". Science. 311 (5765): 1224. doi: 10.1126/science.311.5765.1224 . ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   16513948. S2CID   42843113.
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  9. ↑ Delfanti, Alessandro (2013). Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science. London: Pluto Press. pp. 108, 97. ISBN   9781849649063.
  10. 1 2 3 "Doctor Ilaria Capua" (PDF). European Commission. February 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
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  12. ↑ van Oirschot J.T., Jan (1999). "Diva vaccines that reduce virus transmission". Journal of Biotechnology. 73 (2–3): 195–205. doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00121-2. PMID   10486928.
  13. ↑ van Oirschot, J.T., H.J. Rziha, P.J.L.M. Moonen, J.M.A. Pol, D. van Zaane, Jan (1986). "Differentiation of serum antibodies from pigs vaccinated or infected with Aujeszky's disease virus by a competitive enzyme immunoassay J. Gen. Virol., 67 (1986), pp. 1179-1182". Journal of General Virology. 67: 1179–1182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ van Oirschot, A.L.J Gielkens, R.J.M Moormann, A.J.M Berns, Jan (1990). "Marker vaccines, virus protein-specific assays and the control of Aujeszky's disease". Veterinary Microbiology. 23 (1–4): 85–101. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90139-M. PMID   2169682.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Capua, Ilaria; Marangon, Stefano (16 February 2007). "The use of vaccination to combat multiple introductions of Notifiable Avian Influenza viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes between 2000 and 2006 in Italy". Vaccine. 25 (27): 4987–4995. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.113. PMID   17418460.
  16. ↑ "Council Directive 2005/94/EC of 20 December 2005 on Community measures for the control of avian influenza and repealing Directive 92/40/EEC". Official Journal of the European Union. 49F: 16–65. 14 January 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  17. 1 2 "ProMED-mail Anniversary Award for Excellence in Outbreak Reporting on the Internet". ProMed: International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  18. ↑ "Secret Avian Flu Archive". The New York Times. 15 March 2006. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  19. ↑ Brown, David (25 May 2006). "Bird Flu Fears Ignite Debate on Scientists' Sharing of Data". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  20. ↑ Nau, Jean-Yves (10 April 2006). "Appel pour la mise en commun des données sur le H5N1". Le Monde. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  21. ↑ EPIZONE
  22. ↑ Altman, Lawrence K. (21 March 2006). "Health Officials Urge Nations to Report Bird Flu Data Sooner". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  23. ↑ Capua, Ilaria (2017). Io, trafficante di virus - una storia di scienza e di amara giustizia. Rizzoli, Milano: Rizzoli Libri S.p.A. p. 36. ISBN   9788817093873.
  24. ↑ Abbott, Alison (21 February 2013). "Reforms at stake in Italian election". Nature. 494 (7437): 293. Bibcode:2013Natur.494..293A. doi: 10.1038/494293a . PMID   23426302.
  25. ↑ "XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi - Scheda deputato - CAPUA Ilaria" [XVII Legislature - Deputies and Organs - Member card - CAPUA Ilaria]. Camera dei deputati. 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  26. ↑ Capua, Ilaria (28 September 2016). ""Io, Ilaria Capua, lascio la Camera Questione di rispetto e credibilità" Ecco la lettera di dimissioni". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  27. ↑ Abbate, Lirio (3 April 2014). "Il business segreto della vendita dei virus che coinvolge aziende e trafficanti" [Secret business of the sale of viruses involves companies and traffickers]. L'Espresso. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  28. ↑ Feltri, Mattia (25 June 2017). "Il caso Ilaria Capua: radiografia del suicidio italiano" [The Ilaria Capua case: an X-ray of Italian suicide]. La Stampa. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  29. ↑ Mieli, Paolo (29 May 2016). "Un Paese che detesta la scienza" [A country that hates science]. Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  30. ↑ Stella, Gian Antonio (6 July 2016). "Finisce il calvario di Ilaria: Ma ora mi sento sfregiata" [Ilaria's ordeal ends 'But now I feel scarred']. Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
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  41. ↑ "The WVPA Hall of Honour". The World Veterinary Poultry Association. 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  42. ↑ "Premio della Fondazione "Guido Lenghi e Flaviano Magrassi"" (PDF). Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (in Italian). 21 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  43. ↑ Cerati, Francesca (21 June 2013). "L'accademia dei Lincei premia la virologa Ilaria Capua". Il Sole 24 Ore (In Italian). Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  44. ↑ Hoffman; Bartley, Claire; Cathy (12 May 2014). "Scientific excellence award given to a woman for the first time in recognition of her leadership in the field of avian influenza". ESCMID - Press Releases 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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