Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

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An immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) is any of a group of conditions or diseases that lack a definitive etiology, but which are characterized by common inflammatory pathways leading to inflammation, and which may result from, or be triggered by, a dysregulation of the normal immune response.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Mechanism

IMIDs are caused by massive production of inflammatory cytokines. This is believed to be the result of an abnormal immune response. [1] [2]

Risk factors

IMIDs occur in genetically predisposed individuals, due to various environmental and host factors. [1] [2] Some reviews include psychosomatic factors. [2]

Diseases considered as IMID

Diseases considered as IMID include

Common symptoms

Fatigue is a very commom symptom in IMIDs. [4] [5] [1] [6] [7] Fatigue often changes markedly within days and from day to day. [8]

IMIDs negatively effect organs and systems (including peripheral and central nervous systems) which may cause chronic fatigue, pain, skin manifestations, multiorgan dysfunction and sleep disturbance effects. [1] [2] Some IMIDs cause hyperalgesia (abnormal sensitivity to pain). [9] [10] [11] [12]

Treatment and outlook

Meds, including biologics, help some IMID patients, although resistance may develop in time. [13] Other IMID patients are unresponsive or intolerant to current meds. [1]

Stem cell therapy and CAR-T therapy are being researched for IMID. [14]

Patients with IMIDs have increased risk of cardiovascular disease. [15]

Epidemiology

IMIDs have been estimated to affect 3-7% of the population. [16] [17]

A 2019 study found a split of incidence of new IMID cases of 6 IMID diseases as follows; asthma 55%, eczema 36%, psoriasis 7%, rheumatoid arthritis 2%, inflammatory bowel disease 0.7%, multiple sclerosis 0.1%. [18]

Inflammation

Inflammation is an important and growing area of biomedical research and health care because inflammation mediates and is the primary driver of many medical disorders and autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Behçet's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and allergy, as well as many cardiovascular, neuromuscular, and infectious diseases. Some current research even suggests that aging is a consequence, in part, of inflammatory processes.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Monteleone, Giovanni; Moscardelli, Alessandro; Colella, Alice; Marafini, Irene; Salvatori, Silvia (October 2023). "Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Common and different pathogenic and clinical features". Autoimmunity Reviews. 22 (10): 103410. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103410 . PMID   37597601.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Ortega, Miguel A.; García-Montero, Cielo; Fraile-Martinez, Oscar; Alvarez-Mon, Miguel Angel; Gómez-Lahoz, Ana Maria; Lahera, Guillermo; Monserrat, Jorge; Rodriguez-Jimenez, Roberto; Quintero, Javier; Álvarez-Mon, Melchor (Jun 28, 2022). "Immune-Mediated Diseases from the Point of View of Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology". Biology. 11 (7): 973. doi: 10.3390/biology11070973 . PMC   9312038 . PMID   36101354.
  3. ↑ "University of Glasgow - Research - Research units A-Z - Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Biobanks - UK - Background". www.gla.ac.uk.
  4. ↑ Mozier, Haley; Murphy, Philip S.; Janiczek, Robert L.; Morris, Mark; Cox, Jennifer G.; Nguyen, Hung (7 March 2025). "A systematic review of digital and imaging technologies for measuring fatigue in immune mediated inflammatory diseases". npj Digital Medicine. 8 (1): 146. doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01538-w. PMC   11885461 . PMID   40050401.
  5. ↑ Iaquinta, Francesco Salvatore; Grembiale, Rosa Daniela; Mauro, Daniele; Pantano, Ilenia; Naty, Saverio; Cosco, Cristina; Iacono, Daniela; Gaggiano, Emanuela; Ruggiero, Annarita; Ciccia, Francesco; Doldo, Patrizia; Spagnuolo, Rocco (April 27, 2022). "Fatigue and Associated Factors in an Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Population: A Cross-Sectional Study". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 11 (9): 2455. doi: 10.3390/jcm11092455 . PMC   9099976 . PMID   35566580.
  6. ↑ Graff, L. A.; Walker, J. R.; Russell, A. S.; Bissonnette, R.; Bernstein, C. N. (November 2011). "Fatigue and Quality of Sleep in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease". The Journal of Rheumatology Supplement. 88: 36–42. doi:10.3899/jrheum.110902. PMID   22045977.
  7. ↑ Enns, Murray W.; Bernstein, Charles N.; Kroeker, Kristine; Graff, Lesley; Walker, John R.; Lix, Lisa M.; Hitchon, Carol A.; El-Gabalawy, Renée; Fisk, John D.; Marrie, Ruth Ann; Disease, on behalf of the CIHR Team in Defining the Burden and Managing the Effects of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Chronic Immunoinflammatory (June 7, 2018). "The association of fatigue, pain, depression and anxiety with work and activity impairment in immune mediated inflammatory diseases". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0198975. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398975E. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198975 . PMC   5991721 . PMID   29879231.
  8. ↑ Bennetot, Adrien; Rehman, Rana Zia Ur; Romijnders, Robbin; Li, Zhi; Macrae, Victoria; Davies, Kristen; Ng, Wan-Fai; Maetzler, Walter; Kudelka, Jennifer; Hildesheim, Hanna; Emmert, Kirsten; Paulides, Emma; Woude, C. Janneke van der; Reilmann, Ralf; Aufenberg, Svenja; Chatterjee, Meenakshi; Manyakov, Nikolay V.; Pinaud, Clémence; Avey, Stefan (May 5, 2025). "Characterizing Patient-Reported Fatigue Using Electronic Diaries in Neurodegenerative and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Observational Study". JMIR Formative Research. 9 (1): e65879. doi: 10.2196/65879 . PMC   12068833 . PMID   40324214.
  9. ↑ Sluka, Kathleen A.; Clauw, Daniel J. (December 2016). "Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain". Neuroscience. 338: 114–129. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006. PMC   5083139 . PMID   27291641.
  10. ↑ Onuora, Sarah (August 2014). "Can tofacitinib be used as first-line monotherapy for RA?". Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 10 (8): 443. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2014.108. PMID   25003770.
  11. ↑ Tsokos, George C. (December 2011). "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (22): 2110–2121. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1100359. PMID   22129255.
  12. ↑ Sommer, Claudia; Kress, Michaela (May 2004). "Recent findings on how proinflammatory cytokines cause pain: peripheral mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia". Neuroscience Letters. 361 (1–3): 184–187. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.007. PMID   15135924.
  13. ↑ "Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Biobanks - UK - Background". IMID-Bio-UK.
  14. ↑ Liang, Zhenguo; Xie, Hui; Wu, Dongze (April 7, 2025). "Immune mediated inflammatory diseases: moving from targeted biologic therapy, stem cell therapy to targeted cell therapy". Frontiers in Immunology. 16. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1520063 . PMC   12009864 . PMID   40260258.
  15. ↑ Wilkinson, Michael J.; Shapiro, Michael D. (December 6, 2024). "Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Complex Interplay". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 44 (12): 2396–2406. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.319983. PMC  11602385. PMID   39479765.
  16. ↑ Chen, Hsin-Hua; Chao, Wen-Cheng; Chen, Yi-Hsing; Hsieh, Tsu-Yi; Lai, Kuo-Lung; Chen, Yi-Ming; Hung, Wei-Ting; Lin, Ching-Tsai; Tseng, Chih-Wei; Lin, Ching-Heng (August 29, 2019). "Risk of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in newly diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis patients: a population-based matched cohort study". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 21 (1): 196. doi: 10.1186/s13075-019-1980-1 . PMC   6716905 . PMID   31464632.
  17. ↑ Verma, Neeladri (21 Aug 2024). "Patients at the heart: Taiwan's journey to patient-centred care for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases". Economist Impact.
  18. ↑ Wu, Dongze; et al. (October 1, 2023). "Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019". eClinicalMedicine. 64 102193. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102193. PMC   10507198 . PMID   37731935.
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