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Intellectual diversity is the exposing of multiple points of view. It introduces people to a variety of different viewpoints. [1] When people from diverse backgrounds come together, it creates opportunities for learning. There are many ways intellectual diversity is incorporated into grade schools, workplace, and universities. There are different aspects to intellectual diversity, and how it connects with racial diversity and people with intellectual disabilities.
In grade schools, the goal of implementing intellectual diversity into the curriculum is an overall strengthened understanding of the content.[ citation needed ] Children respond differently to various teaching styles, so it is vital to provide many approaches toward understanding a subject. There are four main learning styles in children; they are visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and reading/writing. [2] For example, singing the alphabet song promotes linguistic skills for auditory learners, whereas creating the alphabet out of play dough will help develop the same skills for kinesthetic learners. According to Anna Harris, it is an important part of the educational career to push children to apply multiple learning styles when becoming familiar with a subject or topic. [3] Also, by providing an intellectually diverse setting, students will have opportunities to engage in conversations that challenge their own existing beliefs. Giving children the opportunity to apply their strengths and improve upon their weaknesses will lead to more well rounded and confident adults, ultimately creating well-rounded individuals who are equipped to contribute to a diverse society. [4]
In a university setting, it is important to incorporate diverse lessons in order to cater to many types of thinkers. For example, a study conducted by the National Academy of Engineers found that the students exposed to a more diverse curriculum scored higher on the "King and Kitchener reflective judgement scale." [5] Diversity amongst lessons may lead to more versatile people. According to a Pew Research Report, the United States will continue to diversify within the next few decades. [6] Creating more diverse lessons will instill new knowledge in students which will benefit them when they run into different kinds of people. Additionally, diverse campuses tend to expose people to many different types of cultures which may offer valuable experiences. There are many kinds of clubs on college campuses which offer many different perspectives, which will expose people to many types of intellect. Universities are where students will go to educate themselves in order to become a functional part of society, so incorporating intellectual diversity will help to emulate the diverse environment in the "real world".
In the work environment, intellectual diversity is a crucial part of fostering innovation and creativity. Since there are people from all sorts of backgrounds in places of work, there is a larger range of ideas and solutions. When an employer takes the time to find each team members strengths, there is more opportunity for creative problem-solving and decision making. [7] Encouraging intellectual diversity not only helps with creativeness, but also encourages inclusivity and an equitable space. There are a variety of problems in a multitude of fields, but overall, if you put people together with different strengths, it is more likely for some of those problems to be solved. Additionally, intellectual diversity will boost employee engagement, as well as their overall satisfaction. [8] When talking about intellectual diversity in a place of work, it is important to talk about the overall diversity and inclusivity of that place. People of color bring a different kind of experience, which is underrepresented in "white-collared" jobs. [9] To ensure that a company remains diverse, it must start at the very top of the company with the CEO. When the CEO of a company takes the stance of promoting diversity in their company, it sets the overall tone for that company. [9] Overall, intellectual diversity is a crucial part of a well run business.
When talking about racial diversity on a college campus, having a diverse educational setting, like many different people from many different cultures, makes a campus very diverse and makes people want to go there. Every single person will think differently than one another. When a student is exposed to a wide range of different people and thinkers, it fosters new growth and helps you to be more prepared for when you are out of school and have to go into the workforce and into a society that is very diverse as well. [10] When a person is exposed to a variety of different races, it can also make them more accepting. There are numerous studies that show alumni who graduated from a racially diverse college felt that because of attending a racially diverse college, they were able to get along with people of different racial backgrounds better and came to be more accepting of other people's cultures. [10] A study done in 2004 by Antonio et al. was done where an African American student was placed in a discussion with all white students. The results showed that by having the other race in the group, the environment was enriched. Racial and ethnic diversity can help create a better learning and social environment. It can also further a person's ideas or thinking when you have a mix of different races in an educational setting, specifically when the discussion revolves around an issue that involves race. [10] Racial diversity also goes for professors at a college. When you are exposed to different professors with different racial backgrounds, you are able to learn in different ways and hear many different opinions. When there are different kinds of racial backgrounds at a campus, there is a greater chance that the students at the campus will become involved in activities that revolve around diversity, and become involved in groups that have a mix of races. This can help move along the students' development. [10]
When talking about people with cognitive disabilities, it is important to define what cognitive disability is. Cognitive disability refers to how a person thinks, and can include people with conditions of autism, mental illnesses, brain injuries, strokes, Alzheimer's disease or dementia, and more. [11] People with cognitive disabilities think very differently than people who do not have cognitive disabilities. It is important to include people with cognitive disabilities under the term "intellectual diversity" because intellectual diversity is the exposing of multiple different viewpoints. A person who is autistic might have a totally different viewpoint on a certain topic than someone else might have. Cognitive diversity allows you to be able to look further into understanding the basics of knowledge, and who it can come from. It unveils new ways of thinking. [12] There are many people with disabilities in a college setting, and it is important that they are included and that they are given a voice. People who have cognitive disabilities think in their own way and have valuable knowledge to share with others, but are often labeled as unknowledgeable and their ideas are discarded when it comes to people sharing their different ideas or point of views. [12]
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning. The field of educational psychology relies heavily on quantitative methods, including testing and measurement, to enhance educational activities related to instructional design, classroom management, and assessment, which serve to facilitate learning processes in various educational settings across the lifespan.
Universal access to education is the ability of all people to have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnic background or physical and mental disabilities. The term is used both in college admission for the middle and lower classes, and in assistive technology for the disabled. Some critics feel that this practice in higher education, as opposed to a strict meritocracy, causes lower academic standards. In order to facilitate the access of education to all, countries have right to education.
In sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person's beliefs and behaviour.
Special education is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs. This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and in their community, which may not be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education.
School psychology is a field that applies principles from educational psychology, developmental psychology, clinical psychology, community psychology, and behavior analysis to meet the learning and behavioral health needs of children and adolescents. It is an area of applied psychology practiced by a school psychologist. They often collaborate with educators, families, school leaders, community members, and other professionals to create safe and supportive school environments.
An extracurricular activity (ECA) or extra academic activity (EAA) or cultural activities is an activity, performed by students, that falls outside the realm of the normal curriculum of school, college or university education. Such activities are generally voluntary (as opposed to mandatory), social, philanthropic, and often involve others of the same age. Students and staff direct these activities under faculty sponsorship, although student-led initiatives, such as independent newspapers, are very common. However, sometimes the school principals and teachers also bring in these activities in the school among the students.
Cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences. There is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups, and it has been described as "structuring positive interdependence." Students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward academic goals. Unlike individual learning, which can be competitive in nature, students learning cooperatively can capitalize on one another's resources and skills. Furthermore, the teacher's role changes from giving information to facilitating students' learning. Everyone succeeds when the group succeeds. Ross and Smyth (1995) describe successful cooperative learning tasks as intellectually demanding, creative, open-ended, and involve higher-order thinking tasks. Cooperative learning has also been linked to increased levels of student satisfaction.
An online school teaches students entirely or primarily online or through the Internet. It has been defined as "education that uses one or more technologies to deliver instruction to students who are separated from the instructor and to support regular and substantive interaction between the students. Online education exists all around the world and is used for all levels of education. This type of learning enables the individuals to earn transferable credits, take recognized examinations, and advance to the next level of education over the Internet.
Culturally relevant teaching or responsive teaching is a pedagogy grounded in teachers' practice of cultural competence, or skill at teaching in a cross-cultural or multicultural setting. Teachers using this method encourage each student to relate course content to their cultural context.
Bridges Academy, Los Angeles, is a college prep school serving twice-exceptional learners—students who are gifted but who also have learning differences such as Autism, AD/HD, executive functioning challenges, processing deficits, and mild dyslexia. The students are driven by creativity and intellectual curiosity. The Bridges educational model is strength-based and talent-development driven. Each student has an individual learning plan created to meet their diverse learning style, academic, creative and social/emotional needs. Stimulating core classes, abundant enrichment, small class size, extensive academic supports and a vital advisory and mentoring program are all part of the Bridges approach. The school is located in Studio City, Los Angeles, California.
Inclusion in education refers to all students being able to access and gain equal opportunities to education and learning. It arose in the context of special education with an individualized education program or 504 plan, and is built on the notion that it is more effective for students with special needs to have the said mixed experience for them to be more successful in social interactions leading to further success in life. The philosophy behind the implementation of the inclusion model does not prioritize, but still provides for the utilization of special classrooms and special schools for the education of students with disabilities. Inclusive education models are brought into force by educational administrators with the intention of moving away from seclusion models of special education to the fullest extent practical, the idea being that it is to the social benefit of general education students and special education students alike, with the more able students serving as peer models and those less able serving as motivation for general education students to learn empathy.
In clinical diagnostic and functional development, special needs refers to individuals who require assistance for disabilities that may be medical, mental, or psychological. Guidelines for clinical diagnosis are given in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases 9th edition. Special needs can range from people with autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, dyslexia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, dysgraphia, blindness, deafness, ADHD, and cystic fibrosis. They can also include cleft lips and missing limbs. The types of special needs vary in severity, and a student with a special need is classified as being a severe case when the student's IQ is between 20 and 35. These students typically need assistance in school, and have different services provided for them to succeed in a different setting.
Student development theory refers to a body of scholarship that seeks to understand and explain the developmental processes of how students learn, grow, and develop in post-secondary education. Student development theory has been defined as a “
Emotional and behavioral disorders refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
Learning disability, learning disorder, or learning difficulty is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending or processing information and can be caused by several different factors. Given the "difficulty learning in a typical manner", this does not exclude the ability to learn in a different manner. Therefore, some people can be more accurately described as having a "learning difference", thus avoiding any misconception of being disabled with a possible lack of an ability to learn and possible negative stereotyping. In the United Kingdom, the term "learning disability" generally refers to an intellectual disability, while conditions such as dyslexia and dyspraxia are usually referred to as "learning difficulties".
Diversity within groups is a key concept in sociology and political science that refers to the degree of difference along socially significant identifying features among the members of a purposefully defined group, such as any group differences in racial or ethnic classifications, age, gender, religion, philosophy, physical abilities, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, gender identity, intelligence, physical health, mental health, genetic attributes, personality, behavior, or attractiveness.
Multicultural education is a set of educational strategies developed to provide students with knowledge about the histories, cultures, and contributions of diverse groups. It draws on insights from multiple fields, including ethnic studies and women studies, and reinterprets content from related academic disciplines. It is a way of teaching that promotes the principles of inclusion, diversity, democracy, skill acquisition, inquiry, critical thought, multiple perspectives, and self-reflection. One study found these strategies to be effective in promoting educational achievements among immigrant students.
Diversity in computing refers to the representation and inclusion of underrepresented groups, such as women, people of color, individuals with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ individuals, in the field of computing. The computing sector, like other STEM fields, lacks diversity in the United States.
Post-secondary education for students with intellectual disabilities in the United States refers to the opportunities and challenges faced by these students when pursuing higher education. Historically, individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have faced barriers in accessing post-secondary education, primarily due to restrictions in federal student aid and academic prerequisites. However, the enactment of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 introduced significant changes, allowing students with ID to qualify for federal student grants and work-study programs. Over the last two decades, there has been a growth in specialized PSE programs designed for students with ID, focusing on fostering skills beyond traditional academic achievements, such as increased independence, self-determination, and employment readiness.
Disproportionality in special education refers to the unequal representation of certain demographic groups in restrictive placement and discipline, particularly in the United States' public school system. Disproportionality is often displayed as the under- or overrepresentation of specific racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, or culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) groups in special education compared to their presence in the overall student population. A child's race and ethnicity may significantly influence the likelihood of being misidentified as needing special education services, raising concerns about fairness, equity, and the potential impact on students' educational outcomes.