International Reserves of the Russian Federation are liquid assets held by the Russian Federation's central bank or other monetary authority in order to implement monetary policies relating to the country's currency exchange rate and ensuring the payment of its imports. The assets include foreign currency and foreign denominated bonds, gold reserves, SDRs (special drawing rights) and the IMF reserve position.
End of the year | Value of the International reserves | Currency | Growth rate | of which the value of gold is | Currency | % of gold of the International reserves | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | 540,917 | millions of dollars | 15.46% | 107,903 | millions of dollars | 19.95% | at the end of 31/10/2019 |
2018 | 468,495 | millions of dollars [1] [2] | 8.26% | 86,903 | millions of dollars | 18.55% | |
2017 | 432,742 | millions of dollars [3] | 14.56% | 76,647 | millions of dollars | 17.71% | |
2016 | 377,741 | millions of dollars [4] | 2.54% | 60,194 | millions of dollars | 15.94% | |
2015 | 368,399 | millions of dollars [5] | -4.43% | 48,563 | millions of dollars | 13.18% | |
2014 | 385,460 | millions of dollars [6] | -24.36% | 46,089 | millions of dollars | 11.96% | |
2013 | 509,595 | millions of dollars [7] | -5.21% | 39,990 | millions of dollars | 7.85% | |
2012 | 537,618 | millions of dollars [8] | 7.81% | 51,039 | millions of dollars | 9.49% | As of 1 January 2013, as in the beginning of 2012, the international reserves were sufficient to finance the import of goods and services for 15 months. [9] |
2011 | 498,649 | millions of dollars [10] | 4.02% | 44,697 | millions of dollars | 8.96% | As of 1 January 2012, the international reserves were sufficient to finance the import of goods and services for 14 months [11] |
2010 | 479,379 | millions of dollars [12] | 9.09% | 35,788 | millions of dollars | 7.47% | As of 1 January 2011, the international reserves were sufficient to finance the import of goods and services for 18 months [13] |
2009 | 439,450 | millions of dollars [14] | 3.09% | 22,798 | millions of dollars | 5.19% | |
2008 | 426,281 | millions of dollars [15] | -10.96% | 14,533 | millions of dollars | 3.41% | at the end of July 2008 international reserves were 596,566 million dollars |
2007 | 478,762 | millions of dollars [16] | 57.63% | 12,012 | millions of dollars | 2.51% | |
2006 | 303,732 | millions of dollars [17] | 66.67% | 8,164 | millions of dollars | 2.69% | |
2005 | 182,240 | millions of dollars [18] | 46.33% | 6,349 | millions of dollars | 3.48% | |
2004 | 124,541 | millions of dollars [19] | 61.87% | 3,732 | millions of dollars | 3.00% | |
2003 | 76,938 | millions of dollars [20] | 60.98% | 3,763 | millions of dollars | 4.89% | |
2002 | 47,793 | millions of dollars [21] | 30.50% | 3,739 | millions of dollars | 7.82% | |
2001 | 36,622 | millions of dollars [22] | 30.92% | 4,080 | millions of dollars | 11.14% | |
2000 | 27,972 | millions of dollars [23] | 124.57% | 3,708 | millions of dollars | 13.26% | |
1999 | 12,456 | millions of dollars [24] | 1.91% | 3,998 | millions of dollars | 32.10% | Vladimir Putin is Acting President of the Russian Federation since 31 of December 1999 |
1998 | 12,223 | millions of dollars [25] | -31.27% | 4,422 | millions of dollars | 36.18% | |
1997 | 17,784 | millions of dollars [26] | 16.05% | 4,889 | millions of dollars | 27.49% | |
1996 | 15,324 | millions of dollars [27] | -10.94% | 4,047 | millions of dollars | 26.41% | |
1995 | 17,207 | millions of dollars [28] | 164.48% | 2,824 | millions of dollars | 16.41% | |
1994 | 6,506 | millions of dollars [29] | -26.85% | 2,525 | millions of dollars | 38.81% | |
1993 | 8,894 | millions of dollars [30] | 3,059 | millions of dollars | 34.39% |
End of the year | Tonnes | |
---|---|---|
2019 | 2,241 | end of October. 5th country |
2018 | 2,077 | [31] |
2017 | 1,808 | [32] |
2016 | 1,582 | [33] |
2015 | 1,382 | [34] |
2014 | 1,256 | [35] |
2013 | 1,091 | [36] |
2012 | 1,011 | [37] |
2011 | 944 | [38] |
2010 | 807 | |
2009 | 664 | |
2008 | 595 | |
2007 | 548 | |
2006 | 532 | |
2005 | ||
2004 | ||
2003 | ||
2002 | ||
2001 | ||
2000 |
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a state or formal monetary union, and oversees their commercial banking system. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base. Most central banks also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the stability of member institutions, to prevent bank runs, and to discourage reckless or fraudulent behavior by member banks.
Special drawing rights (SDRs) are supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). SDRs are units of account for the IMF, and not a currency per se. They represent a claim to currency held by IMF member countries for which they may be exchanged. SDRs were created in 1969 to supplement a shortfall of preferred foreign exchange reserve assets, namely gold and U.S. dollars. The ISO 4217 currency code for special drawing rights is XDR and the numeric code is 960.
Since independence, the economy of Uzbekistan continues to exist as a Soviet-style command economy, with a slow transformation to a market economy. The progress of governmental economic policy reforms has been cautious, but cumulatively Uzbekistan has shown respectable achievements. Its restrictive trade regime and generally interventionist policies continue to have a negative effect on the economy. Substantial structural reform is needed, particularly in these areas: improving the investment climate for foreign investors, strengthening the banking system, and freeing the agricultural sector from state control. Remaining restrictions on currency conversion capacity and other government measures to control economic activity, including the implementation of severe import restrictions and sporadic closures of Uzbekistan's borders with neighboring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have led international lending organizations to suspend or scale back credits.
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the late 1920s to 1932 as well as from 1944 until 1971 when the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold foreign central banks, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. Many states still hold substantial gold reserves.
A reserve currency is a foreign currency that is held in significant quantities by central banks or other monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves. The reserve currency can be used in international transactions, international investments and all aspects of the global economy. It is often considered a hard currency or safe-haven currency.
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Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to control either the interest rate payable for very short-term borrowing or the money supply, often as an attempt to reduce inflation or the interest rate, to ensure price stability and general trust of the value and stability of the nation's currency.
In international economics, the balance of payments of a country is the difference between all money flowing into the country in a particular period of time and the outflow of money to the rest of the world. These financial transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies to compare receipts and payments arising out of trade of goods and services.
The foreign exchange market is a global decentralized or over-the-counter (OTC) market for the trading of currencies. This market determines foreign exchange rates for every currency. It includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of trading volume, it is by far the largest market in the world, followed by the credit market.
Foreign Exchange Reserves are cash and other reserve assets such as gold held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets. Reserves are held in one or more reserve currencies, nowadays mostly the United States dollar and to a lesser extent the euro.
The Nixon shock was a series of economic measures undertaken by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971, in response to increasing inflation, the most significant of which were wage and price freezes, surcharges on imports, and the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold.
The Central Bank of Iran (CBI), also known as Bank Markazi, officially the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the central bank of Iran.
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The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic is the central bank of Kyrgyzstan and is primarily responsible for the strategic monetary policy planning of the country as well as the issuance of the national currency, the Som.
Currency intervention, also known as foreign exchange market intervention or currency manipulation, is a monetary policy operation. It occurs when a government or central bank buys or sells foreign currency in exchange for its own domestic currency, generally with the intention of influencing the exchange rate and trade policy.
A fixed exchange rate, often called a pegged exchange rate, is a type of exchange rate regime in which a currency's value is fixed or pegged by a monetary authority against the value of another currency, a basket of other currencies, or another measure of value, such as gold.
The United States dollar was established as the world's foremost reserve currency by the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. It claimed this status from the British pound sterling after the devastation of two world wars and the massive spending of Great Britain's gold reserves. Despite all links to gold being severed in 1971, the dollar continues to be the world's foremost reserve currency. Furthermore, the Bretton Woods Agreement also set up the global post-war monetary system by setting up rules, institutions and procedures for conducting international trade and accessing the global capital markets using the U.S. dollar.
India has large foreign-exchange reserves; holdings of cash, bank deposits, bonds, and other financial assets denominated in currencies other than India's national currency, the Indian rupee. The reserves are managed by the Reserve Bank of India for the Indian government and the main component is foreign currency assets.